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108 Table 32 demonstrates the variety of administrative costs as related to the policy options for specific BTC’s. Some general remarks can be made. The option with the highest administrative costs will be the ‘Investment subsidy for Residential heating’. This is mainly due to the fact that the target group is much dispersed and small scale from which arises the need for a large number of actions. In general however investment subsidies for larger facilities (district heating) have relative low administrative costs. Compliance costs and possible gains The compliance costs include the costs companies have to make to comply with new legislation. In this case, costs necessary to improve the conversion efficiency of the biomass technology combination. The large variety of installations generating bioenergy obviously makes it difficult to give a reliable indication of these costs. The boxes below give some examples of the costs to improve the end-conversion efficiency. However, most of the policy options discussed here, apart from a minimum efficiency standard for residential heating, do not force companies or consumers to comply. Labelling on itself does not lead to compliance costs, as it does not exclude the sales of less efficient appliances. This can also be said about a bonus system. It is a voluntary measure, of which a company is free to make use of. Only when companies or households are forced to comply with new efficiency standards, do actual compliance costs occur. The examples gives are therefore not strictly speaking compliance costs but costs to improve the end-conversion efficiency of the installations. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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