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110 and use of an add-on ORC (below) is illustrated. In case of the first example, efficiency improvement by heat supply is limited by the ability to supply this heat to useful purposes. This very much depends on the location of the installation. Increasing the scale of an installation can also help to improve the end-conversion efficiency, but this is often more difficult. Other factors are more dominant in scale selection, such as feedstock supply, investment costs or the ability to supply energy. Efficiency plays a less important role in this. Example: Manure Digestion versus Manure Digestion including ORC Function Capacity Region Current Alternative Compliance costs range Waste treatment, generation of electricity and heat 700kWe digester and 150 kWe additional from ORC Concentrated in Germany, Austria, UK, Italy and present in some other EU countries Manure digester, electrical efficiency of 35%, 700 kWe investment costs 1.5 Million Euro Manure digester, electrical efficiency 42.5%, 850 kWe, investment of 1.9 Million Euro 400,000 Euro Current manure digestion has an efficiency of 35% when no external use of heat is made. This could be the case, because often manure digesters are situated in rural areas and when no heat demand is present on the farm itself or in the direct surroundings, heat delivery can be problematic. Another option to increase end-conversion efficiency then is to use the heat for extra electricity production. The use of an add-on can realize this, for example by using an ORC, Organic Rankine Cycle. This ORC uses the heat of the engine to create a process similar to a traditional steam cycle but requires heat of a lower temperature (waste heat). In this example 150 kW of additional electricity is then produced, against additional costs of 400,000 Euro, raising electrical efficiency with 7.5%. Most manure digestion currently takes place in Germany, Austria and Italy, together totalling a capacity of about 1300 MWe. An estimate for the capacity installed in Europe is in the range of 1500 MWe. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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