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3.2. Existing Hydropower Plants in Nepal Table 5. Nepal’s river basin with their power capacity [11, 12] Energy and Power 2014, 4(1): 16-28 19 River basin Sapta Koshi Sapta Gandaki Karnali and Mahakali Southern Rivers Total Table 6. Size of hydropower Large hydro Small hydro Refurbishment/upgrade Annual flow Catchment area (billions of m3) (km2) Theoretical power (GW) Economically feasible power(GW) 10.86 5.27 25.1 0.88 42.13 33 50 49 42 174 28140 22.35 31600 20.65 47300 36.18 5410 4.11 147181 83.29 Typical installed costs and LCOE of hydropower projects [13] Installed Costs USD/kW 1050-7650 1300-8000 500-1000 O & M costs (% year of installed costs) 2-2.5 1-4 1-6 Capacity Factor 25 to 90 20 to 95 Levelised cost of electricity (2010 USD/kWh) 0.02-0.19 0.02-0.27 0.01-0.05 Hydropower is the most advanced and mature renewable energy technology and provides electricity generation in almost every country. Hydropower plant has been used since ancient times. The energy of falling water was used by the Greeks to turn water wheels that transferred their mechanical energy to grinding stones to turn wheat into flour more than 2000 years ago. Hydropower plants convert the potential energy of flowing water into electricity. Hydropower schemes range in size from a few watts for Pico-Hydro to several GW or more for large–scales projects. Hydropower plants normally have long lifetimes; 30 to 80 years depending on the power component [10]. The water after generating electrical power is available for irrigation and other purposes. Nepal is rich in hydro-resources with one of the highest per capita hydropower potentials on the planet. The estimated theoretical power potential is approximately 83000 MW but the economically feasible potential is 43000 MW [10]. This is basically due to the high capital investment needed to develop hydropower and often involves socio-economic issues. The s In addition, the country also has the potential for small hydro power plants. The small hydro power plants are seen as a single option that might be used as a local energy resource, particularly in remote areas for rural independent power generation. Despite having huge hydropower potential, Nepal has not been able to a harness this natural resource for various reasons including financial constraints, human resources, political scenarios and geographic conditions for development. Table 5 shows the total annual flow of the river basin of various sources with their theoretical and economic feasibility power generation capacity [11, 12]. Hydropower development in Nepal can play a vital role in the overall development of the country. In addition, there is strong evidence that access to electricity will have a positive impact on the poor, through improvements in children’s education, better communications through radio and television, increase in rural production and improvement in health conditions of the rural people. From an economic point of view, the construction and installation of hydropower for different capacity power generation plant differ according the labor cost and materials available in the countries. Table 6 lists the typical costing of hydropower development [13]. a) Run-of- River (RoR) type hydropower plant A RoR HPP draws the energy for electricity production mainly from the available flow of the river. Such a hydropower plant may include some short-term storage (hourly, daily), allowing for some adaptations to the demand profile, but the generation profile will, to varying degrees, be dictated by local river flow conditions. As a result, generation depends on precipitation and runoff, and might have substantial daily, monthly or seasonal variations. In a RoR HPP, a portion of the river water might be diverted to a channel or pipeline (penstock) to convey the water to a hydraulic turbine connected to an electricity generator. The installation of RoR hydropower plants (HPPs) is relatively inexpensive and such facilities have, in general, less environmental impact than similar-sized storage hydropower various private companies, local communities, NGOs, INGOS, donor agencies and government bodies. A small percentage of hydropower potential has been exploited in dams and hydroelectric power plants and from river run-off and canals. Therefore, Nepal has very low electrification rate compared to other south-Asian countries, and approximately 56% of the total population has access to electricity [12]. Nepal. teep mountainous terrain and perennial flow in more than 6000 rivers/rivulets makes hydropower widely available throughout the hilly regions of These days, more work on the development of hydropower plants have been initiated byPDF Image | Existing and Recommended Renewable Energy Conversion Technologies for Electricity Generation in Nepal
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