PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 006
solar PV systems in Nepal into four categories according to the following applications [23]: a) Solar home system (SHS), which is limited to household electricity supplies with solar PV panels of at least 10 W, batteries, charge controllers, and appropriate number of DC lights. b) Small solar home systems (SHSHs) which have a solar PV solar module between 2.5 W and 10 W along with a battery charge-controlling mechanism and white light emitting diodes. c) Community solar PV (CSHS), which includes solar PV powering for irrigation and drinking purposes. d) Institutional solar PV system (ISPS), which includes its application in public health posts, institutions, community or household owned systems designed for operating both AC and DC power loads. In remote rural areas, where grid electricity is not economically viable, the established solar home systems (SHS) are a practical and cost-effective alternative for electrification. Together with the support from development partners, the total installation of solar technology is 350000 households thus far in remote rural areas, where the grid is difficult, expensive, or will take years to reach [24]. The grid-connected, integrated PV potential in the urban areas has been estimated to be 50 MW if 2% of the land area is considered to be suitable land, and an area of 2167 sq. km could yield 2100 MW. Therefore, the exploitable area for the grid integrated PV potential in Nepal is significantly high. 3.4. Existing Technology for Electricity Generation through Biomass Energy In Nepal, biomass conversion to electricity is not being practiced. Only few institution-based studies have been conducted. Biogas technology is used widely all over the Nepal’s rural areas for the cooking of food. Biogas is a mixture of CH4 (40-70%), CO2 (30-60%) and other gases (1-5%) produced from animal dung, poultry droppings and other biomass waste in specialized bio-digesters. This gas is combustible and can be used to generate electricity [25]. Only rice husks, municipality solid waste (MSW), poultry droppings and bagasse are considered useful for electricity generation. MSW and bagasse can be used for grid power generation because sugar mills are connected to the grid network. et al. [26] reported that the total 3.5. Existing Small Scale Wind Energy Technology for Electricity Generation Wind power technologies transform the kinetic energy of the wind into useful mechanical power. The kinetic energy of the air flow provides the motive force that turns the wind turbine blades that, via a drive shaft, provide the mechanical energy to power the generator in a wind turbine. Thus far, the worldwide wind power generation of electricity is 283 GW [3]. The installation costs in 2010 for onshore wind farms are as low as $1300 to $1400/kW in China and Denmark, but typically range from $1800/kW to $2200/kW in most other major markets. Preliminary data for the United States in 2011 suggests that wind turbine costs have peaked and that the total costs could have declined to $2000/kW for the full year (i.e. a reduction of $150/kW compared to 2010). Wind turbines account for 64% to 84% of the total installed costs onshore with grid connection costs, construction costs and other costs making up the balance. Off-shore wind farms are more expensive and cost $4000 to $4500/kW; with wind turbines accounting for 44% to 50% of the total cost [27]. Micro wind electrification systems are an alternative with great potential for generating power in rural areas. Nepal’s attempts to harness wind energy have not been successful due to the continuous failure in the operation of pilot projects that are installed in various parts of the country. The first recorded effort for exploiting wind energy in Nepal was Rampur with American support in the early 1970s. Similarly, a wind turbine for pumping water was installed in Ramechap district in the late 1970s. Both projects, however, failed in operation. The most significant and systematic efforts to harness wind energy was undertaken by NEA in 1989. Two 10 kW wind turbine generators were installed and operated in Kagbeni of Mustang district. The electricity produced was distributed to 60 houses in villages but after two months, these turbines were broken due to structural problems. The investigation reported that wind turbulence due to the proximity of mountains was not considered while designing. Another feasibility study conducted by DANGRID, a Danish consulting and UNDP in 1992, reported that 200 MW of wind power can be produced in the 12 Km corridor from Kagbeni to Chusang alone [28]. The estimated electricity that can be generated annually was 500 GWh. The feasibility study conducted by [14], reported that the wind power density (WPD) should be more than 300 W/m2 for a commercial viable electricity generation through grid connection. The study concluded that if only 10% of the area is considered, the wind power developed could be 3000 MW, which is large enough for the current demand of the country. The Annapurna Conservation Area alone has a wind power density (WPD) of 300 W/m2 and with 5 MW installed per sq. km yields 716 MW of energy. Nepal currently has some small-scale, stand-alone wind turbines. The AEPC has constructed six wind-solar hybrids – 400 W wind and 150 W solar, each capable of supplying a community with sufficient energy to run one radio and a CFL bulb in Pyuthan, Musgit and Palpa [29]. Wind turbines of few hundred watts are considered small scale and can be introduced in the windy sites of remote villages in Nepal. In the context of Nepal, the Alternative Energy Promotion Centre and Practical Action are two organizations working in the development of small wind Khatiwada electricity generation would be 313 GWh with an installed Energy and Power 2014, 4(1): 16-28 21 capacity of 87MW from n ine sugar mills currently in operation in Nepal. Therefore, electricity generation in conservation zones in the mid-hills and high mountains. Most potential project sites lie through biogas digesters connected to internal combustion engines with slight modifications of the engines is good option for rural electricity in Nepal.PDF Image | Existing and Recommended Renewable Energy Conversion Technologies for Electricity Generation in Nepal
PDF Search Title:
Existing and Recommended Renewable Energy Conversion Technologies for Electricity Generation in NepalOriginal File Name Searched:
10.5923.j.ep.20140401.03.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)