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22 Suresh Baral et al.: Existing and Recommended Renewable Energy Conversion Technologies for Electricity Generation in Nepal turbine technology. Small scale wind energy technology is important for villages and to provide easier transportation in mountainous areas. The technology can still be a good option for electricity generation in remote villages where grid connection is not feasible. Finally, small wind turbines can be manufactured locally and are easy to install in the required areas. The existence of local manufacturers facilitates system maintenance and has the advantage of promoting enterprise development. [30]. Small wind turbine systems have powers ranging from 50 W to 10 kW with rotor diameters ranging from 0.5 m to 7 m, which are used primarily in battery charging. The batteries can then be used to supply energy to houses, hospitals, farms, and telecommunication. Wind energy systems can also operate alongside diesel sets or solar PV systems. A 1.5 kW wind – solar hybrid system was installed in Pheriche in the Mount Everest Region. The system supplies electricity to the Rescue Hospital. The advantages of community scale wind turbines installed in each home will cover the domestic use of electricity for certain hours of the day. The electricity can be used as households lighting, listening radios, and charging cell phones. The energy in schools will power computers and projectors for educational purposes. The health center will benefited from the light, sterilizer and vaccine refrigerator. As a result of the wind turbines, families can reduce their expenditures in other energy sources, such as kerosene or candles, and save the time that they would normally need to collect wood for cooking lighting. Moreover families using energy will be engaged in the implementation of small businesses. 4. Discussion The government of Nepal is continuously imposing all the stakeholders, donor agency, international non-governmental organization, national governmental organization for investment on the energy sectors. So this paper deals with the appropriate technologies that are recommended for implementation in Nepal for electricity production. The following renewable technology helps in fulfilling the current demand in cities as well as rural areas of the country by adopting rural electrification programs which as discussed as: 4.1. Small Hydropower Plants (SHPs) Nepal's first major hydropower was constructed in Pharping with financial assistance provided by the United Kingdom (UK) in 1911. The Pharping hydropower plant had an installed capacity of 500 kW. Hydropower on a small-scale is one of the most cost-effective energy technologies to be considered for electrification in less developed countries. In general, Small hydropower refers to power varying from 5MW to 50MW [31]. Small hydropower plants are normally considered clean technology to produce electricity, on a decentralized basis, and are likely to attract considerable attention and investment in the coming years due to the increasing concerns on the overall attainment of the Kyoto emission goals [32]. Small hydro technologies are extremely robust (systems can last for 50 years or more with little maintenance) and are also one of the most environmentally friendly energy technologies available thus far. Small hydro power plants are built on run-of-river, and do not require huge infrastructure, such as reservoirs or dams to store large amounts of water. Moreover, there are fewer environmental problems, such as life of aquatic biodiversity. More generally, SHPs are found in isolated grids as well as in off-grid and central-grid settings. Small hydro power requires cross flow and Peltons turbines, and can be a widely adopted turbine technology for local manufacturer in Nepal. In Nepal, the concept for the construction of small hydropower is recommended. This is also beneficial because of the less time in constructing a power station. Typically, such a project requires 2.5 to 3 years [33, 34]. Nepal can benefit considerably from small hydro plant technology, particularly in hilly regions because of the location close to loads and fewer transmission lines needed to make its exploitation economical. Local management, ownership and community participation, technology transfer, and capacity building are the basic issues that will allow sustainable small hydropower plants to be developed in the country. Low cost wind turbines with timber blades represent a good solution for decentralized energy production in the off-grid regions of developing countries 4.2. Storage Type of Hydropower Plant Table 8. Rural electrification schemes projects and the numbers of installation during the period in Nepal [7] Energy Sector Unit 11/12 3258 FY FYFY 09/10 10/11 FY FY 11/12 12/13* 1619.7 3207 Nos. 36135 57059 Nos. 2 22 1 1 12 Electricity generated by micro and small hydro power Installation of solar home electricity system Solar Pump Installation Solar Lamp Installation Solar Dryer/Cooker Distribution Biogas Installation Improved water mill installation Improved stove installation kW 1695 2463 Nos. 5913 Nos. 338 Nos. 19511 Nos. 986 Nos. 87154 6308 10384 272 202 17907 18979 353 971 84168 118461 5502 1383 118 86 3081 238 510 365 43878 56334 35627 27868 32608PDF Image | Existing and Recommended Renewable Energy Conversion Technologies for Electricity Generation in Nepal
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