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The hydropower system in Nepal is dominated by run-of-river Projects, and there is only one seasonal storage project in the system [5]. This means there is a shortage of power during winter and a spill during the wet season. The load factor is quite low as the majority of the consumption is dominated by household use. This imbalance clearly shows the need for storage hydro plant projects. Reservoir-type hydropower plants involve impounding water behind a dam. This enables flow regulation throughout a season or the year. Reservoir-type hydropower plants are typically used for highly variable flows in the middle reaches of a river, or as energy storage in the upper reaches of a river. These plants are operated on a scheduled basis in accordance with data regarding water flow forecasts, market price and consumption. These plants are commonly used for intense load and to meet the peak demand. Hydropower plants with a small reservoir are sometimes also called pondage plants. They are designed to modulate generation on a daily or maximum weekly basis. Pondage plants can provide flexibility services mainly by balancing power. They also provide frequency and voltage control as ancillary services. Generally, hydropower plants with reservoirs (also called storage-type power plants) introduce unique benefits to the electricity system [35]. In Nepal, storage type of hydropower plants is necessary because of its hydrological characteristics, where there is continuous sedimentation in the riverbed. This scheme assists in the deposition of sediment in the storage during a period of time thereby causing less damage to the turbines and runners, and maintaining the constant efficiency of hydroelectric plants while in operation. According to the feasibility study conducted by NEA, there is the possibility installing 102 storage hydroelectric plants in Nepal. Recently, a study conducted by NEA and JICA proposed 10 promising and technically sound storage projects to power developers within the 20 year of master plan in electricity generation, which are listed in Table 8 [36] and these are key projects to reduce the power cuts in the country. 4.3. Pumped Storage Hydropower Plants (PSHP) Globally, there are approximately 300 pumped storage plants either operating or under construction, representing a combined generating capacity of more than 127,000 MW. Although the majority of these plants use single-speed pump-turbine machines, 36 utilize adjustable-speed machines; 17 of these are currently in operation (totaling 3,569 MW) and 19 are under construction (totaling 4,558 MW) [37-39]. The main advantage of this technology is that it is readily available. This technology uses the power of water, which is a highly concentrated renewable energy source. PSHP operates with two reservoirs: a lower and upper one. A river, lake or existing water storage can serve as a reservoir. In other cases, a new reservoir must be created, the characteristics (i.e. size) that depend on the site’s topographic and hydrological conditions. PSHP has a conversion efficiency of approximately 65–80% in terms of a power network depending on the equipment characteristics [40]. The PSHPs are operated daily and weekly cycles, and are designed to provide the peak electricity during periods of high electricity demand. This can be achieved in a very short time, i.e. within minutes. The water is released from the upper reservoir through the turbines to generate electricity. On the other hand, the duration of the electricity supply from pumped storage hydropower plants is limited. The upper reservoir normally contains a certain amount of water that can provide full operation for several hours. Water is typically pumped up from lower to higher-level reservoirs during the off peak periods (i.e. during the night) using the surplus electricity generated by conventional base-load power plants [38]. PSHP is inherently more flexible than thermal or nuclear plants, and one of the cheapest ways of providing peak load power. PSHP continues to grow in significance, largely due to its ability to provide ancillary services as shares of variable renewable generation. Accordingly, Voith Hydro (Germany) increased its emphasis on research and development, particularly for pumped storage technology [2]. Energy and Power 2014, 4(1): 16-28 23 PSHPs are characterized by a long asset life (typically 50–100 years), high capital cost, low operation and maintenance cost and round-trip efficiencies of 70–75%. The project costs for PSHPs are very site specific with some quoted costs varying from €600–3000/kW. In addition, capital costs depend not only on the installed power, but also on the energy storage and MW capacity at any given site [41]. PSHP technology has advanced significantly since its introduction and now includes improved efficiencies with modern reversible pump-turbines, adjustable-speed pumped turbines, new equipment controls, such as static frequency converters and generator insulation systems, as well as improved underground tunneling construction methods and design capabilities. Overall, the pumping/ generating cycle efficiency has increased the pump-turbine generator efficiency by as much as 5% in the last 25 years, resulting in energy conversion or cycle efficiencies greater than 80% [39]. In Nepal, pump storage hydropower plants should be installed to provide long term continuous power supply to the Nepalese during peaking periods, and will ultimately solve the electricity crisis there. 4.4. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Plant Nepal should now focus on solar energy utilization for grid connection. Solar technology that uses solar energy for medium and large size electricity generation is not currently being used in the country. Because of the lack of skilled manpower and investment capital, Nepal has not been able to exploit this renewable resource extensively despite its huge potential. The following summarizes some of the recommended technology that should be utilized.PDF Image | Existing and Recommended Renewable Energy Conversion Technologies for Electricity Generation in Nepal
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