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24 Suresh Baral et al.: Existing and Recommended Renewable Energy Conversion Technologies for Electricity Generation in Nepal Table 9. Characteristic data for various CSP technologies [44] Parabolic trough Linear Fresnel Solar tower Parabolic Dish Capacity (MW) 10–200 10–200 10–200 0.01–0.4 Concentration 70–80 25–100 300–1000 1000–3000 Annual electric to solar efficiency 15% 8–10% 20–35% (concepts) 25–30% Capital cost($/kW) 3972 4000+ 12,578 Capital cost($/m2) 424 234 476 O $ M ($/kWhe) 0.012–0.02 Low 0.034 0.21 Land use (m2 MWh−1 y−1) 6–8 4–6 8–12 8–12 Table 10. Parabolic trough Typical installed costs and LCOE of electricity of solar power technologies [45] Installed cost(2010 USD/kW) Capacity factor (%) 20 to 25 40 to 53 40 to 45 65 to 80 O & M (2010 USD/kWh) 0.02 to 0.035 LCOE (2010 USD/ kWh) 0.14 to 0.36 0.17 to 0.29 CO2 No storage 4600 6 hours storage 7100 to 9800 Solar Tower 6 to 7.5 hours storage 6300 to 7500 12 to 15 hours storage 9000 to 10500 Concentrating-solar-power (CSP) technologies are expected to be an important ingredient of any virtually -free electricity market in a long-term scenario. According to recent estimations, CSP could produce as much as 7% of the total electricity needs projected for the world by 2030 and 25% by 2050 with potential growth in global deployment from 2.5 GW today to 0.2 EJ by 2030 [4, 42]. According to one report [43], small-scale CSP, from 100 kW to 2 MW, could reach 63 GW by 2050, mostly for process heat and rural on/off-grid applications around the globe. CSP is a power generation technology that uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate the sun’s rays and heat a fluid to produce steam. The steam drives a turbine and generates power in the same way as conventional power plants. Instead of steam, some other organic working fluids will be introduced for future CSP. Modern CSP plants are equipped with a heat storage system that helps maintaining a constant temperature to generate electricity, even when the sky is cloudy or after sunset, which increases the CSP capacity factor significantly compared to solar photovoltaics. This CSP technology facilitates both grid integration and economic competitiveness. The most widely used technology is parabolic trough collector technology for electricity generation. A heat transfer fluid (HTF) is circulated through the absorber tubes to collect solar energy and transfer it to a steam generator or to a heat storage system. Most existing parabolic troughs use synthetic oils as the heat transfer fluid, which are stable up to 400°C and a high temperature molten salt can improve the thermal storage performance considerably [3]. the the In Nepal, recently the NEA is installing 20 MW solar power output generation in five different locations of the country namely Sindhupalchok, Panauti, Trishuli, Pharping and Kharipati, with an expected cost of approximately US$ 54.66 million, the loan provided by World Bank. In addition, the NEA signed an agreement with a Chinese solar energy company and the Japanese Government for the installation of a 30-MW solar and 680.4 kW station in the country [46]. 4.5. Solar Organic Rankine Cycle Plant This is a new growing solar energy technology that is particularly suitable for developing countries, such as Nepal. Over the last decade, the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has been studied widely to harness low-grade heat sources that provide temperatures ranging from 80-400°C. This includes the same components to that of traditional Rankine cycle, i.e. a pump, evaporator, turbine, and condenser. The only difference is the choice of working fluid: where water is replaced with pure or a mixture of organic compounds. The commercial application began in the late 1970s and interest in this technology has increased exponentially over the decade. Currently, there are more than 200 installed and operating ORC plants around the world with an installed power of more than 1.5 GW [47]. For decades, solar ORC concepts for community power supplies have been discussed extensively but rarely implemented. A solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC) can provide affordable energy supplies in remote regions. Small-scale solar ORCs of few kilowatts the range of 10–200 MW, whereas the parabolic dish systems are better suited for lower generation capacity requirements between 0.01 and 0.4 MW [44]. The cost of various CSP technologies discussed thus far including Table 9 compares CSP can be changed with storage tank installation for prolonged electricity generation even when the sky is cloudy and during the night, as listed in Table 10 [45]. operational and maintenance costs as well as the capital costs. A parabolic trough, linear Fresnel, and solar tower systems are suitable for the power generation capacities inPDF Image | Existing and Recommended Renewable Energy Conversion Technologies for Electricity Generation in Nepal
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