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have been studied only in research-based institutions. Several authors [48-53] have examined the selection criteria for ORCs working fluids. The common solar ORC working fluid is R245fa [54]. For a solar ORC, the concentrating solar power is a well-proven technology: the sun is tracked and reflected on a linear or on a punctual collector, transferring heat to a fluid at high temperatures. The heat is then transferred to a power cycle generating electricity. The solar ORCs use the three main concentrating technologies, which are a parabolic dish, solar tower, and parabolic trough. ORMAT is only one manufacturer that has its solar ORCs commercial plants thus far in the market. ORMAT developed the 1MWe CSP plant working with ORC in Arizona, USA in 2006, which uses n-pentane as the working fluids provided that has an efficiency of 20% and the global solar to electricity efficiency of 12.1% on the design point [52]. On the other hand, there are several pilot projects on solar ORC for electricity generation, which are explained in the following [55]: a) A 1 kWe system was installed in Lesotho by the “Solar Turbine Group” for rural electrification. The goal was to develop and implement a small scale solar thermal technology utilizing medium temperature collectors and an ORC to achieve economics analogous to large scale solar thermal installations. The configuration aimed at replacing Diesel generators in off-grid areas of developing countries, thereby generating clean power at low normalized cost (~$0.12/kWh compared to ~$0.30/kWh for diesel). b) A prototype of 5 kWe solar ORC was constructed in 2009 within the frame of the project POWERSOL in Almeria, Spain, where the working fluid used was SES36, and showed an overall theoretical and ORC efficiency of 7% and 14% respectively. Still, In Nepal, s Therefore, the solar ORC will be quite popular if it can be installed successfully in many remote areas, where there is ample solar radiation. 4.6. Biomass Combustion In combustion, the chemical energy of the fuel is converted to sensible heat that the flue gases carry, which is then transferred to a working medium in a heat exchanger. The working medium expands in a turbine or other devices to create mechanical energy for power production. The combustion of biomass generates hot gases at high temperatures of 800-1000°C, producing steam to run an internal combustion engine for electricity generation [61]. Currently, more than 90% of the energy produced from biomass is generated using biomass furnaces [62]. No reports on biomass combustion in Nepal are available, but the availability of various agricultural biomass residues from crops, forest residues and dry animal dung makes combustion a viable means of electricity generation. This is currently the cheapest and most reliable route for producing power from biomass in stand-alone applications. Therefore, this technology is suitable for rural and urban areas of Nepal for isolated grid connection. 4.7. Biomass Based Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Processes The ORC process is based on the Rankine process, just as the conventional steam process is. Instead of water, however, the working fluid is of organic compounds and has low boiling and condensation temperatures. Accordingly, the ORC process is suited to heat exploitation at lower temperatures. Nevertheless, the resulting efficiencies for biomass applications from a thermodynamic point of view must be lower than in a steam process due to the low temperature of the working fluid. The electrical efficiencies for ORC plants in operation are up to 15% [63]. The biomass based organic Rankine used bio-based materials such as straw, wood chips, etc. This can be very suitable for country like Nepal where there are lots of forests for the feeding materials to run biomass based ORC system. 4.8. Wind Power Conversion Technology through Hybrid Wind/Photovoltaic Systems Currently, standalone solar photovoltaic and wind systems have been promoted around the globe on a smaller scale. Solar and wind power alone are poor power sources as the wind does not blow all the time and does the sun shine all the time. Hybridizing solar and wind power sources together with storage batteries to cover the periods of time without sun or wind provides a realistic form of power generation. The system creates a stand-alone energy source that is both dependable and consistent. The hybrid solar wind turbine generator uses solar panels that collect light and convert it to energy along with wind turbines that collect energy from the wind. The solar wind composite power inverter contains the required AC to DC transformer to supply the charge to the batteries from the AC generators. Therefore, the power from the solar panels and wind turbines is filtered and stored in the battery bank. Moreover, small off-grid standalone hybrid power systems offer an imperative choice for decreasing the electricity gap in remote areas of the country, where progress in grid extension is almost impossible because of the poor geographical condition, high capital cost and scattered population. According to [64] small-scale systems, even if they generate relatively little power, can enhance Energy and Power 2014, 4(1): 16-28 25 no thermal power blocks are currently manufactured in the kilowatt range for small-scale ORCs. Therefore, many studies are being carried out focusing on solar energy for electricity generation [56-60]. mall-scale solar organic cycles will be well adapted for remote off-grid areas. Compared to the main competitive technology, the PV collector, Solar ORCs have the advantage of being locally manufactured. They are also more flexible and allow the production of hot water as a by-product. Therefore, this system can be considered a CHP plant for heating and cooling applications. The hot water produced can be applied for domestic proposes in health posts, clinics and schools in remote places.PDF Image | Existing and Recommended Renewable Energy Conversion Technologies for Electricity Generation in Nepal
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