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Table 3 Thermodynamic properties and results of selected fluids U. Drescher, D. Bru ̈ggemann / Applied Thermal Engineering 27 (2007) 223–228 227 .. .. .. .. .. .. Fig. 6. Relation between efficiency and vaporization temperature (a) and maximum process pressure (b) with Tmax = 573 K and Tmin = 363 K. Triangles symbolize fluids with lower vaporization temperature and maximum process pressure of 2 MPa. Filled rhombs stand for fluids with vaporization at maximum process temperature and corresponding vapor pressure as maximum process pressure. ...... Fig. 7. Efficiency of ORC with recuperator depending on temperature for selected fluids. Tmax varying from 523 to 623 K, Tmin = 363 K and OMTS = Octamethyltrisiloxane. process temperature have a vapor pressure at condenser temperature, which is lower than the specified 5000 Pa. Thus, the calculation method raises condensation tempera- ture to the temperature correlating with a vapor pressure of 5000 Pa. The resulting smaller temperature difference between heat input and output leads to low efficiencies. At the above mentioned maximum process pressure of about 1 MPa, some fluids have a vapor pressure at con- denser temperature exceeding 5000 Pa. Thus, the full tem- perature difference can be used for the cycle. The slight decrease can be explained by the needed work of the feed pump (see Eq. (1)). This means that there is an optimal maximum process pressure. In order to demonstrate these effects, a detailed analysis for typical fluids has been carried out. For the fluid selec- tion, also the toxicity was taken into account by using a maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of 50 ml/m3. Fig. 7 shows thermal efficiency Eq. (1) for the homologous series from toluene to n-butylbenzene and the widely used octamethyltrisiloxane (OMTS). Results and typical fluid properties can be taken from Table 3. To illustrate the influence of vaporization enthalpy (h5 h4), its ratio to input enthalpy (h6 h3) is given. Toluene has the highest vaporization enthalpy, but at a low temperature level. Thus, toluene shows worst efficiency of the alkylbenzenes. Butylbenzene shows highest effi- ciency. It has the lowest maximum and minimum process pressure, vaporizes at maximum process temperature and its condenser temperature is only slightly lifted. OMTS vaporizes at higher temperature as toluene, but its vaporization enthalpy is significantly lower. It has the lowest efficiency of the selected fluids. As expected, efficiency rises with maximum process tem- perature. Butylbenzene gains 6.5% points and OMTS 4.7 percent points from 523 to 623 K. In general, efficiency dif- ference between the fluids rises with higher maximum pro- cess temperature. Working fluid OMTS Toluene Ethylbenzene Propylbenzene Butylbenzene CASN 107-51-7 108-88-3 100-41-4 103-65-1 104-51-8 Tc (K) 564 592 617 638 661 pc (MPa) 1.44 4.11 3.61 3.20 2.89 pmax (MPa) 1.34 2.00 2.00 1.41 0.92 Tvap (K) 560 536 570 573 573 h5 h4 h6 h3 15 42 36 40 43 (%) pmin (kPa) 13.8 54.1 24.3 11.4 5.0 Tcon (K) 363 363 363 363 364 g (%) 22.5 23.2 24.3 24.9 25.3PDF Image | Fluid selection for the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) in biomass power and heat plants
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