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228 U. Drescher, D. Bru ̈ggemann / Applied Thermal Engineering 27 (2007) 223–228 6. Conclusions This study presents a procedure to calculate ORC effi- ciency with sufficient accuracy based on the DIPPR data- base and the Peng–Robinson–EOS. This method is used to find thermodynamic suitable fluids for ORC in biomass power plants. In comparison to most other ORC applica- tions, the pinch point at the start of vaporization can be avoided by an adapted plant design. Efficiency correlates with a low minimum temperature, high vaporization tem- perature and a high amount of vaporization enthalpy to input enthalpy. If these parameters are optimal, low maxi- mum and minimum process pressure leads to a slight improvement of efficiency. For biomass plants operating with a maximum process temperature of 573 K, a maxi- mum pressure between 0.9 and 1.5 MPa is best. The family of alkylbenzenes shows highest efficiencies. A biomass ORC can be improved by raising maximum temperature. If the maximum temperature could be shifted from 573 K to 623 K, efficiency would gain about 2.5% points. Other optimization strategies like air preheating may improve the power to heat ratio, a fact entailing higher profitability. To evaluate such options, investigations con- cerning complete system analysis are necessary, including energy evaluation, detailed pinch point analysis, coupled cooling processes etc. The overall objective, a cost efficient and sustainable energy supply is an incentive for further research work in this field. References [1] S.K. Ray, G. Moss, Fluorochemicals as working fluids for small Rankine cycle power units, Advanced Energy Conversion 6 (1966) 89–102. [2] S. Devotta, F.A. Holland, Comparison of theoretical Rankine power cycle performance data for 24 working fluids, Heat Recovery Systems 5 (6) (1985) 503–510. [3] R. DiPippo, Geothermal power plants: Principles, Applications and Case Studies, Elsevier Advanced Technology, Oxford, 2005. [4] V. Maizza, A. Maizza, Unconventional working fluids in organic Rankine-cycles for waste energy recovery systems, Applied Thermal Engineering 21 (2001) 381–390. [5] B.-T. Liu, K.-H. Chien, C.-C. Wang, Effect of working fluids on organic Rankine cycle for waste heat recovery, Energy 29 (2004) 1207–1217. [6] Y.S.H. Najjar, Efficient use of energy by utilizing gas turbine combined systems, Applied Thermal Engineering 21 (2001) 407– 438. [7] G. Angelino, C. Invernizzi, Cyclic methylsiloxanes as working fluids for space power cycles, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Transactions of the ASME 115 (1993) 130–137. [8] American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR), project 801, evaluated process design data. Brigham Young University, USA, 2004. Available from:PDF Image | Fluid selection for the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) in biomass power and heat plants
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