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Frontiers in Heat Pipes (FHP), 4, 023004 (2013) DOI: 10.5098/fhp.v4.2.3004 At a calculated mass flow of 0.027 kg/s for p-xylene at Q in of 20 kW delivers a pumping power of 46 W (see Table 2). The rotating system provides this small amount of power because a typical efficiency for small ORC turbines is about 10% (Mikielewicz et al., 2009; Belozerov et al., 2012). This corresponds to about 2.5% of the desired shaft power of about 2 kW. Solving equation (7) for r3 results in: (8) Equation (8) shows that the vapor pressures (pa1, pa2) lead to different radii r3 (and similarly r1) of the liquid ring tubes in the evaporator and the condenser. Differences in the vapor pressure are compensated by corresponding geodesic pressures so that overall there is a pressure balance. Table 2: Calculated fluid properties according to equation (8). Global Digital Central ISSN: 2155-658X low maintenance costs. The final goal is to develop a small scale robust integrated power plant which could be produced in a serial production for a small amount of money. NOMENCLATURE cp h k p t T m r x y in out specific heat (J/kg·K) latent heat of phase change (J/kg) thermal conductivity (W/m·K) pressure (kg/m·s2) time (s) temperature (K) mass (kg) radius (m) x-coordinate (m) y-coordinate (m) energy supply energy removal ∆ Fluid p-xylene water p-xylene water Angular velocity ω[rad/s] 1000 1000 0.1432 0.1500 ∆p =p2-p1 [MPa] 2.04 0.74 46 2 ρ 3 [kg/m ] state 3 786.79 968.69 277 71 ρ 3 [kg/m ] state 4 475.25 969.02 0.0270 0.0063 Enthalpy difference Δh3-4 [J/kg] 1700 330 20.6 20.6 Greek Symbols ρ density (kg/m3) ω angular velocity (rad/s) Subscripts g gravitational component c centrifugal component REFERENCES Belozerov, A., Kley, M., Leschber, Y., Rieger, R., Shatalov, I., Wiedmann, M., 2012, “A New Integrated Power Plant with a Small- Scale Turbine for the Organic Rankine Cycle,” RUDN Bulletin 2012 No. 3, pp. 104-113. Colonna P., van der Stelt, T.P, 2004, FluidProp: a Program for the Estimation of Thermo Physical Properties of Fluids, Energy Technology Section, Delft University of Technology. http://www.FluidProp.com Dong L., Liu, H., and Riffat, S., 2009, “Development of Small-Scale and Micro-Scale Biomass-Fuelled CHP Systems,” Appl. Thermal Eng., 29, 2119 – 2126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.12.004 Gerber, N, 1975, Rigidly Rotating Liquids in Closed Partially-Filled Cylindrical Cavities, Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 2462. Gray, V.H., 1969, “The Rotating Heat Pipe – A Wickless, Hollow Shaft for Transferring Heat Fluxes,” Proc. ASME/AIChE Heat Transfer Conf., Minneapolis, pp. 1-5, ASME Paper No. 69-HT-19. Heddrich, W., Lautner, H., Hein, L., Losch, M., 2004, Thermal Power Machine for Converting Thermal Energy into Mechanical Energy and Use Thereof, Patent DE10315746, 2004. Lai, N. A., Wendland, M., Fischer, J., 2011, “Working Fluids for High- Temperature Organic Rankine Cycles,” Energy, 36, 199-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.10.051 Liu, B.-T., Chien, K.H., Wang, C.C., 2004, “Effect of Working Fluids on Organic Rankine Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery,” Energy, 29, 1207–1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.01.004 Mikielewicz, J., Piwowarski, M., Kosowski, K., 2009, “Design Analysis of Turbines for Co-Generating Micro-Power Plant Working according to Dance with Organic Rankine's Cycle,” Polish Maritime Research, 16, Special issue, 34-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10012-008-0042-4 Fluid r3 [m] Pumping power [Watt] Power for accele- ration [Watt] Mass- flow [kg/s] Thermal efficiency [%] Table 2 shows a listing of pressures, radii and densities for p-xylene and water. The heating takes place in the evaporator. Calculations were done with Fluidprop (Colonna et al. 2004). Here the pressures, radii and densities are listed. Exemplary insertion of values into (8) delivers results for p-xylene and water: the radii of KDT were set at ω=1000 rad/s to r1= 0.120m and r2= 0.142m, r4=0.150m. The assumption was to have equal thermal efficiencies. In the static cooler it is necessary that the condensed working fluid is accelerated by the dividing plate. The required power for accelerating the fluid is indicated in Table 2 in the column “Power for acceleration”. The required power is much less for water than it is for p-xylene as working fluid. In a KDT the power for pumping provided by the rotating system is very low compared to the expected electrical power output. Under operational conditions a dynamical equilibrium is reached. If radii and rotational speed are suitably chosen then for given densities a solution at small pumping power is found where KDT simultaneously pumps and seals. 7. CONCLUSIONS Previously the KDT was presented only as low-budget power source for micro-CHP. In this article it was shown that the working principle of the KDT is closely related to that of a RHP. This similarity allows us to exploit the research previously done on RHP. An example for typically required pumping power in the rotating system is given. The invention of Heddrich et al. (2003) is an approach to make the KDT as a special RHP feasible for use as a highly integrated and simple in construction Micro CHP for use with solar, regenerative (e.g. biofuels) and conventional energy sources. The KDT is essentially a fully integrated power plant with numerous advantages: Very few parts, no valves, a liquid seal between condenser and evaporator, allowing for a competitive realization and 4PDF Image | Frontiers in Heat Pipes
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