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Geothermal electricity 6 Economics Geothermal power requires no fuel, and is therefore immune to fuel cost fluctuations, but capital costs tend to be high. Drilling accounts for over half the costs, and exploration of deep resources entails significant risks. A typical well doublet in Nevada can support 4.5 megawatt (MW) of electricity generation and costs about $10 million to drill, with a 20% failure rate.[19] In total, electrical plant construction and well drilling cost about 2-5 million € per MW of electrical capacity, while the levelised energy cost is 0.04-0.10 € per kW·h.[6] Enhanced geothermal systems tend to be on the high side of these ranges, with capital costs above $4 million per MW and levelized costs above $0.054 per kW·h in 2007.[32] Geothermal power is highly scalable: a large geothermal plant can power entire cities while a smaller power plant can supply a rural village.[33] Chevron Corporation is the world's largest private producer of geothermal electricity.[34] The most developed geothermal field is the Geysers in California. In 2008, this field supported 15 plants, all owned by Calpine, with a total generating capacity of 725 MW.[26] References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] & Francis) 14 (4): 443–455, doi:10.1080/00908319208908739, ISSN 1556-7230, [11] Erkan, K.; Holdmann, G.; Benoit, W.; Blackwell, D. (2008), "Understanding the Chena Hot Springs, Alaska, geothermal system using temperature and pressure data" (http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0375650508000576), Geothermics 37 (6): 565–585, doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2008.09.001, ISSN 0375-6505, , retrieved 2009-04-11 [12] Tester, Jefferson W. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) et al (14MB PDF), The Future of Geothermal Energy (http://geothermal.inel. gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf), Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (Egs) on the United States in the 21st Century: An Assessment, Idaho Falls: Idaho National Laboratory, ISBN 0-615-13438-6, , retrieved 2007-02-07 [13] Bertani, Ruggero (2009), "Geothermal Energy: An Overview on Resources and Potential" (http://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/ IGAstandard/ISS/2009Slovakia/I.1.Bertani.pdf), Proceedings of the International Conference on National Development of Geothermal Energy Use, Slovakia, [14] http://gafoen.com/site/index.php?page=geothermalenergy [15] Lund, John W. (2003), "The USA Geothermal Country Update", Geothermics, European Geothermal Conference 2003 (Elsevier Science Ltd.) 32 (4-6): 409–418, doi:10.1016/S0375-6505(03)00053-1, ISSN 0375-6505 [16] Pollack, H.N.; S. J. Hurter, and J. R. Johnson (1993), "Heat Flow from the Earth's Interior: Analysis of the Global Data Set" (http://www. agu.org/pubs/crossref/1993/93RG01249.shtml), Rev. Geophys. 30 (3): 267–280, [17] Cassino, Adam (2003). "Depth of the Deepest Drilling" (http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/AdamCassino.shtml). The Physics Factbook. Glenn Elert. . Retrieved 2009-04-09. Geothermal Energy Association. Geothermal Energy: International Market Update (http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/ GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf) May 2010, p. 4-6. Fridleifsson,, Ingvar B.; Bertani, Ruggero; Huenges, Ernst; Lund, John W.; Ragnarsson, Arni; Rybach, Ladislaus (2008-02-11), O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin, ed. (pdf), The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change (http://iga.igg.cnr.it/ documenti/IGA/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf), Luebeck, Germany, pp. 59–80, , retrieved 2009-04-06 Geothermal Energy Association. Geothermal Energy: International Market Update (http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/ GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf) May 2010, p. 7. Rybach, Ladislaus (September 2007), "Geothermal Sustainability" (http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art2.pdf), Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin (Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology) 28 (3): 2–7, ISSN 0276-1084, , retrieved 2009-05-09 Bertani, Ruggero; Thain, Ian (July 2002), "Geothermal Power Generating Plant CO2 Emission Survey" (http://www.geothermal-energy. org/documenti/IGA/newsletter/n49.pdf), IGA News (International Geothermal Association) (49): 1–3, , retrieved 2009-05-13 Bertani, Ruggero (September 2007), "World Geothermal Generation in 2007" (http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull28-3/art3.pdf), Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin (Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology) 28 (3): 8–19, ISSN 0276-1084, , retrieved 2009-04-12 Tiwari, G. N.; Ghosal, M. K. Renewable Energy Resources: Basic Principles and Applications. Alpha Science Int'l Ltd., 2005 ISBN 1842651250 http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=84 Lund, J. (September 2004), "100 Years of Geothermal Power Production" (http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull25-3/art2.pdf), Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin (Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology) 25 (3): 11–19, ISSN 0276-1084, , retrieved 2009-04-13 [10] McLarty, Lynn; Reed, Marshall J. (October 1992), "The U.S. Geothermal Industry: Three Decades of Growth" (http://geotherm.inel.gov/ publications/articles/mclarty/mclarty-reed.pdf), Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects (London: TaylorPDF Image | Geothermal electricity
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