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Cardoso, Hamza and Alfaro In the case of upper crust temperature calculations were carried out for an assumed set of thermal conductivity values. Also, effects of temperature dependence of thermal conductivity were ignored. Such procedures represent sources of uncertainty in model results. But the magnitude potential errors involved are likely to be of the same order or even less than the uncertainties associated with the gradient and heat flow values. According to results obtained (see Figure 5c) basal temperatures in excess of 3000C are found to fall along most of the Andean. Surprisingly the upper crust in the southern cordillera in Chile is characterized by basal temperatures lower than 2500C. In the eastern parts of the continent basal temperatures in excess of 3000C are found to occur in the northeastern coastal region of Brazil and also along an east west trending belt between the northern part of the state of Mato Grosso and northern parts of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Figure 5a: Temperatures at the base of soft sediment layer. Figure 5b: Temperatures at the base of hard sediment layer. Figure 5c: Temperatures at the base of upper crust. 5. ESTIMATES OF RESOURCE BASE The resource base calculations were carried out following the methodology proposed in earlier studies (e.g. Muffler and Cataldi, 1978). Volumetric method was considered adequate for the present purpose. In this method the resource base is calculated as the excess thermal energy in the layer up to a depth of 10km, the reference temperature value for energy calculations being the surface temperature. The resource base (QRBi) for the ith cell, of thickness di, associated with the temperature distribution given by equation (1), is calculated using the relation: QRB i = ρicpi Ai di(Ti −T0i) (2) where ρi is the average density, cpi the specific heat, Ai the area of the cell, Ti the bottom temperature and T0i upper surface temperature. The results obtained are presented in Figures (6a), (6b) and (6c) respectively for the soft sediment, hard sediment and upper crustal layers. In the case of the soft sedimentary layer (see Figure 6a) estimates of resource base fall in the range of 1012 to 1014J. Values higher than 1013J are found to occur only in relatively small regions, mainly in the western parts of the continent. It includes northern parts Colombia and Venezuela, northern Peru, the altiplano region of Bolivia and the northwestern parts of Argentina. In the eastern parts of the continent isolated regions with values up to 40TJ occur in several parts of Brazil (southeastern part of the state of Santa Catarina, northern parts of state of Mato Grosso and the states of Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte). In the case of hard sedimentary layer (see Figure 6b) estimates of resource base fall in the range of 1013 to 1015J. Values higher than 1014J are found to occur as a set of discontinuous regions distributed along a semi-circular shaped belt, surrounding the cratônica areas Guiana and Guaporé. The belt seems to start from northern Venezuela and ends up in Parana basin in southeast Brazil, after passing through north-central and south-central parts of Peru, altiplano of Bolivia and eastern Paraguay. In the case of upper crustal layer (see Figure 6c) estimates of resource base fall in the range of 1014 to 1016J. Occurrence of values higher than 1015J is restricted to the central parts of western cordillera, with the highest values in the altiplano region. 4PDF Image | Geothermal Resource Base for South America: A Continental Perspective
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