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Figure 4. An illustration of the State Capitol geothermal district-heating system, Boise, Idaho. Geothermal Heat Pumps Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) use the Earth’s huge energy storage capability to heat and cool buildings, and to provide hot water. GHPs use conventional vapor compression (refrigerant- based) heat pumps to extract the low-grade heat from the Earth for space heating. In summer, the process reverses and the Earth becomes a heat sink while providing space cooling (see Figure 5). GHPs are used in all 50 U.S. states today, with great potential for near-term market growth and savings. Figure 5 - Geothermal heat pump (GHP) illustration for a commercial application. Geopressured Resources The geopressured resource consists of deeply buried reservoirs of hot brine, under abnormally high pressure, that contain dissolved methane. Geopressured brine reservoirs with pressures approaching lithostatic load are known to occur both onshore and offshore beneath the Gulf of Mexico coast, along the Pacific west coast, in Appalachia, and in deep sedimentary basins elsewhere in the United States. The resource contains three forms of energy: methane, heat, and hydraulic pressure. In the past, DOE conducted research on geopressured reservoirs in the northern Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin, and operated a 1-megawatt (MW) power plant using the heat and methane from the resource (i.e., Pleasant Bayou, TX, 1989 – 1990). Co-Produced Geothermal Fluids Sometimes referred to as the ‘produced water cut’ or ‘produced water’ from oil and gas wells, co- produced geothermal fluids are hot and are often found in waterflood fields in a number of U.S oil and gas production regions (See Table 1). This water is typically considered a nuisance to the oil and gas industry (and industry is accountable for proper disposal), but could be used to produce electricity for internal use or sale to the grid. Like geopressured resources, co-produced geothermal resources can deliver near-term energy savings, diminish greenhouse gas emissions, and extend the economical use of an oil or gas field. New low-temperature electric generation technology may greatly expand the geothermal resources that can be developed economically today.PDF Image | Geothermal Under Our Feet
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