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Profile of a Geothermal Project Geothermal power and direct use development begins with exploration to locate an economic reservoir, using a variety of techniques. Wells are drilled to measure subsurface temperatures and flow rates and to produce and inject the hydrothermal fluid. Once the reservoir has been proven, the site is developed either for power generation or a direct use application. Geothermal projects are capital-intensive, and the major expenses are incurred before the project produces revenue. Exploration represents only about 10% of the total cost of a successful project, but many projects can fail at this stage. A high degree of risk evolves from the need for success on the first wells drilled into the reservoir. The extent to which these wells produce hot fluids influence subsequent investment decisions. Although the most expensive element of a power generation project is surface plant construction, drilling Horticulture represents a rapidly growing domestic industry that lends itself well to rural economic development. Residential application of a geothermal heat pump. Geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems use highly durable heat exchangers that are placed into the ground, a water source, or a well, and deliver heating and cooling very efficiently, as well as providing hot water. Commercial and institutional GHP installations are often cost- competitive today, achieving substantial energy savings for building owners and tenants. Once connected to the ground (or water), the GHP system is typically integrated with traditional HVAC equipment. Only accredited designers and installers (see: www.igshpa.okstate.edu) should be used for GHP installations. There are federal tax benefits for use of GHPs, and some states also offer incentives (see: www.geoexchange.org). to create a well field involves higher risk due to uncertainties in reservoir characteristics. Direct use applications are usually less costly than power generation, because the resource is shallower, the fluids are less difficult to manage, and the technology less complex. Typically, geothermal power plants are baseload facilities, but they may be operated in a load- following mode. Power conversion options include (1) the transformation (flashing) of hot geothermal fluids to steam which drives a turbine or (2) transfer of heat from the geothermal fluids to a secondary (binary) working fluid which drives a turbine. Geothermal plants have very high availabilities and capacity factors, exceeding 90%. Liquids produced from the reservoir are reinjected to sustain production pressures. Clean, baseload, distributed electricity is being produced from geothermal resources today. Big Geysers, a 75-MW geothermal power plant located in northern California, is shown above. 4 Courtesy: GRC Courtesy: Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium Bruce Green, NREL/PIX13079PDF Image | Geothermal Under Our Feet
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