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abc Solar Water Pumps Electric water pumps that are plugged into an outlet using alternating current (AC) are generally not built to operate very efficiently because there is no limitation to the amount of power available. Solar water pumps are designed to use the direct current (DC) provided by a PV array, although some newer versions use a variable frequency AC motor and a three-phase AC pump controller that enables them to be powered directly by the solar modules. Because PV is expensive and its power production can be variable, solar pumps need to be as efficient as possible; that is, they need to maximize the gallons of water pumped per watt of electricity used.2 They must also be able to pump during low light (low power) conditions. In order to meet these demands, pump manufacturers needed to change their water pump designs. Most conventional AC pumps use a centrifugal impeller that “throws” the water into motion. A multi-stage centrifugal pump has a series of stacked impellers and chambers. When operating at low power, the amount of water pumped by centrifugal pumps drops dramatically. This makes centrifugal pumps somewhat limited in solar applications, though efficient centrifugal pumps are available. Many designers of solar water pumps took the approach of using positive displacement pumps, which bring water into a chamber and then force it out using a piston or helical screw. These types generally pump more slowly than other types of pumps, but have good performance under low power conditions, and can achieve high lift. Both submersible and surface solar pumps are available. A submersible pump remains underwater, such as in a well (Figure 3). A surface pump (Figure 4) is mounted at water 2 For more information, see Solar Water Pumping: A Practical Introduction by Windy Dankoff at http://www.dankoffsolar.com Figure 2. Examples of the types of commercially available PV modules: a) amorphous (courtesy of Unisolar); b) monocrystalline (courtesy of Sharp); and polycrystalline (courtesy of Matrix). 3PDF Image | GUIDE TO SOLAR- POWERED WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS IN NEW YORK STATE
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