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Assuming that you can place the array in a location that can receive full sun, you then need to estimate the regional solar potential using published data or maps for your region4. These sources will tell you what full sun hours per day your area receives. The average for most of New York State is 2.5 hours in the winter, 5.5 hours in the summer, and 4 hours for the year. Multiply the array wattage by this number to get a rough estimate of daily power available at the site. Determine Total Dynamic Head Once you have determined the amount of water that is needed, the characteristics of the water source, and an idea of the distances (both vertical and horizontal) that the water will be pumped, you can determine the size pump that you need and the amount of power needed from the PV array. You need to calculate the value of the total dynamic head (TDH), which is the sum of the static lift of the water, the static height of the storage tank, and the losses from friction. The static lift is measured from the solar array to the low water level in the well, pond, or stream. The static height of the storage tank is measured from the array to the top of the tank. Using a topographical map or an altimeter, you can estimate this last value. Friction losses are the resistance of water flow due to the inside surface of the pipe. In general, the smaller the pipe and the higher the pumping rate, the higher the resistance. Friction losses are expressed in terms of equivalent height and are determined by the pumping rate and the size of the pipe. In order to calculate the pumping rate of the pump in gallons per minute (gpm), the following equation can be used: GPM = gallons per day x hour peak sun hours per day 60 minutes For instance, if you require 1500 gallons per day as calculated at the beginning, and you have determined that the site has 5 peak sun hours per day during the grazing season, you need a pumping rate of 5 gpm. A friction loss table (see Appendix 2) uses the pumping rate and the inside diameter of the pipe to give a friction loss in terms of vertical feet for every hundred feet of pipe. To take the example further, if you are using 300 feet of 3⁄4 inch pipe at 5 gpm, you would need to add 5.78 x 3 = 17.34 feet to the sum of the static lift and height. Determine Pump Size and PV Array Now that you know the total lift in terms of TDH and the desired pumping rate in gpm, you refer to the charts provided by the manufacturer to determine the specific pump and 4 For example, http://www.nrel.gov/gis/solar_maps.html 10PDF Image | GUIDE TO SOLAR- POWERED WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS IN NEW YORK STATE
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