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the size of the PV array (see Figure 8). The PV array will be specified in terms of wattage and voltage. It is standard procedure to increase the specified wattage by 25% (multiply by 1.25) to compensate for power losses due to high heat, dust, aging, etc. The cost of just the PV panels without any government incentives is estimated at $6 to $8 per watt including a stationary array mount, or $5 to $6 without the mount. Figure 8. An example of a graph used to size a pump (from Kyocera Solar) Passive Trackers A passive tracker for the PV array may be used to increase the power output by keeping the array pointed at the sun throughout the day5. The tracker does this by using canisters of liquid on each end of the tracker that are connected to each other by a tube. When the sun heats one canister, it drives the liquid to the canister on the other side, causing the rack to tilt. This goes on throughout the day, keeping the rack pointed directly at the sun. Compared to a stationary rack, a tracker can increase power output 25-50%. A tracker can reduce the number of PV panels required. An additional benefit is a potential reduction in pump stalling due to low light conditions during early morning and late afternoon at low sun angles. This is of particular importance for systems that use a centrifugal pump, where water yield drops exponentially with a drop in power. Trackers work best in the summer months. Trackers are not for every application. The “wings” of the tracker can catch wind, so they should not be used in high wind areas. In some situations, it may be just as economical to increase the size of the array and not use a tracker. Pump and Charge Controllers The pump controller is an electronic linear current booster that acts as an interface between the PV array and the water pump. It operates very much like an automatic transmission, providing optimum power to the pump despite wide variations in energy production from the sun. It is particularly helpful in starting the pump in low light conditions. A charge controller is installed when batteries are used in the system. Its purpose is to keep the batteries from overcharging or becoming completely discharged. 5 For more information, see Solar Tracking for Solar Water Pumps by Windy Dankoff 11PDF Image | GUIDE TO SOLAR- POWERED WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS IN NEW YORK STATE
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