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Friction Loss - The loss of pressure due to flow of water in pipe. This is determined by 3 factors: pipe size (inside diameter), flow rate, and length of pipe. It is determined by consulting a friction loss chart available in an engineering reference book or from a pipe supplier. It is expressed in PSI or Feet (equivalent additional feet of pumping). Gravity Flow - The use of gravity to produce pressure and water flow. A storage tank is elevated above the point of use, so that water will flow with no further pumping required. A booster pump may be used to increase pressure. 2.31 Vertical Feet = 1 PSI. See pressure. Head - See Vertical Lift and Total Dynamic Head. In water distribution, synonym: vertical drop. Impeller - See Centrifugal Pump. Induction Motor (AC) - The type of electric motor used in conventional AC water pumps. It requires a high surge of current to start and a stable voltage supply, making it relatively expensive to run from by solar power. See Inverter. Jet Pump - A surface-mounted centrifugal pump that uses an "ejector" (venturi) device to augment its suction capacity. In a "deep well jet pump" the ejector is down in the well to assist the pump in overcoming the limitations of suction. (Some water is diverted back down the well, causing an increase in energy use.) Linear Current Booster (LCB) - An electronic device which varies the voltage and current of a PV array to match the needs of an array-direct pump, especially a positive displacement pump. It allows the pump to start and to run under low sun conditions without stalling. Electrical analogy: variable transformer. Mechanical analogy: automatic transmission. Also called pump controller. See Pump Controller. Multi-Stage Centrifugal - A centrifugal pump with more than one impeller and chamber, stacked in a sequence to produce higher pressure. Conventional AC deep well submersible pumps and higher power solar submersibles work this way. Open Discharge - The filling of a water vessel that is not sealed to hold pressure. Examples: storage (holding) tank, pond, flood irrigation. Contrast: Pressure Tank. Perforations - Slits cut into the well casing to allow groundwater to enter. May be located at more than one level, to coincide with water-bearing strata in the earth. Pitless Adapter - A special pipe fitting that fits on a well casing, below ground. It allows the pipe to pass horizontally through the casing so that no pipe is exposed above ground where it could freeze. The pump may be installed and removed without further need to dig around the casing. This is done by using a 1-inch threaded pipe as a handle. Positive Displacement Pump - Any mechanism that seals water in a chamber, then forces it out by reducing the volume of the chamber. Examples: piston (including jack), diaphragm, rotary vane. Used for low volume and high lift. Contrast with Centrifugal. Synonyms: volumetric pump, force pump. Pressure - The amount of force applied by water that is either forced by a pump, or by the gravity. Measured in pounds per square inch (PSI). PSI = vertical lift (or drop) in Feet / 2.31. 19PDF Image | GUIDE TO SOLAR- POWERED WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS IN NEW YORK STATE
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