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Author's personal copy international journal of hydrogen energy 38 (2013) 1795e1805 1797 Fig. 1 e Schematic of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) with a flat plate solar collector and PEM electrolyzer for hydrogen production. refrigerant, which drives a turbine to produce electricity, which in turn is used to drive a PEM electrolyzer to produce hydrogen. After passing through the turbine, the vapour is condensed in a heat exchanger that is cooled by cold deep seawater. The working fluid is then pumped back through the warm seawater heat exchanger, and the cycle is repeated continuously. Energy and exergy analyses are used to determine the temperature profile in the plant, input and output enthalpy and exergy flows, exergy destructions rates and energy and exergy efficiencies. The relevant energy balances and gov- erning equations for the main sections of the plant shown in Fig. 1 are described in the following subsections. 2.1. Energy analysis 2.1.1. Flat plate solar collector As shown in Fig. 1, water enters the solar collector at point 2 and is heated by the collector. The useful heat gained by the working fluid can be written as: Q_u1⁄4m_CpðT3T2Þ (1) where T3, T2, Cp and m_ are the water outlet temperature, inlet temperature, specific heat at constant pressure and mass flow rate. The HotteleWhillier equation for the heat gained by the flat plate collector considering heat losses from the collector is calculated as [21]: Q_ u 1⁄4 APFR1⁄2S UlðTin T0Þ (2) where T0 is the ambient temperature and the FR is heat removal factor which is defined as: FR 1⁄4m_Cp 1efðF0UlAPÞ=m_Cpg (3) Ul AP here, F0 is collector efficiency factor which is around 0.914 for this case [21] and Ul is the overall collector loss coefficient obtained from [21]. In Eq. (2), radiation flux absorbed by the absorber is calculated as: S 1⁄4 ðsaÞI (4) where ðsaÞ is optical efficiency and I is solar radiation inten- sity. The energy efficiency of the solar flat plate collector is expressed as: h1⁄4Q_u (5) IAP More information about solar flat plate collector modeling is detailed in Ref. [22]. 2.1.2. Organic rankine cycle (ORC) AsshowninFig.1,theelectricityproductionunitisbasedon an organic Rankine cycle which is suitable for low-grade heat. Fig. 2 shows the corresponding temperatureeentropy (TeS ) diagram of the ORC. W_ The net power output of the system is expressible as: 1⁄4 W_ W_ þ W_ þ W_ (6) net G WS CS WF where W_ G is the turbine generator power, W_ WS and W_ CS are the warm and cold seawater pumping power, and W_ WF is working fluid working power.PDF Image | H2 Energy
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