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Author's personal copy 1800 international journal of hydrogen energy 38 (2013) 1795e1805 Table 1 e Input data for the system simulation. Parameter Value Parameter Value Turbine isentropic efficiency, hT Generator mechanical efficiency, hG Working fluid pump isentropic efficiency, hWFP Seawater pumps isentropic efficiency, hP Ambient temperature (C) Solar radiation incident on collector surface, I (W/m2) Warm seawater temperature, TWSI (C) Cold seawater temperature at depth of 1000 m, TCSI (C) 0.80 Warm seawater mass flow rate (kg/s) 150 0.90 Cold seawater mass flow rate (kg/s) 150 0.78 Cold seawater pipe length (m) 1000 0.80 Cold seawater pipe inner diameter (m) 0.70 25 Warm seawater pipe length (m) 50 500 Warm seawater pipe length (m) 0.70 22 Solar collector effective area (m2) 5000 4 Electrolyzer working temperature (C) 80 $XX$$ _ ExQ þ m_iexi 1⁄4 m_eexe þExW þExD (31) ie where the subscripts e and i denote the inlet and outlet of $ a control volume, ExD is the exergy destruction and other terms are as follows [28e31]: $T ExQ1⁄41T0Q_i (32) i $_ Exw1⁄4W (33) ex 1⁄4 exph þ exch (34) h 1⁄4 Wnet Q_ E V P (38) is expressible as The exergy efficiency is defined as the product exergy output divided by the exergy input [23]. According to Nag and Dai [34,35], the exergy efficiency of the ORC power generation cycle in an OTEC system is given as: J 1⁄4 W_ net 1⁄4 W_ net (40) $$$ where W_ net is given in Eq. (6), and Q_ Q_EVP1⁄4m_WFðh1h4Þ (39) 3.1.2. Exergy efficiency Exin;CS 1⁄4 min;CS hCS;in h0 T0 sCS;in s0 (42) here, the reference environment state is taken to be P0 1⁄4 1.01 bar and T0 1⁄4 298.15 K. 4. Results and discussion 4.1. Modelling validation and simulation code results To model the integrated OTEC system for hydrogen produc- tion, a simulation code using Matlab software is developed. EVP exph 1⁄4ðhh0ÞT0ðss0Þ $$ (35) Exin Exin;WS þ Exin;CS Ex$ 1⁄4m_ h hTs s (41) Here, ExQ and Exw respectively are the corresponding exergy rates associated with heat transfer and work across the boundary of a control volume, T is the absolute temperature and the subscript o refers to the reference environment conditions. The reference environment considered in our study is T0 1⁄4 20 C and P0 1⁄4 1 bar. The specific chemical exergy for gas mixtures is defined as follows [28,29]: XX exch 1⁄4 xkexkch þ RT0 xklnðxkÞ (36) Further details about each term in this equation are given in Refs. [28e31]. To improve environmental sustainability, it is necessary not only to use sustainable or renewable sources of energy, but also to utilize non-renewable sources like natural gas more efficiently, while minimizing environmental damage. In this way, society can reduce its use of limited resources and extend their lifetimes. Here, a sustainability index SI is used to relate exergy with environmental impact [30,32,33]: SI1⁄4 1 (37) DP where DP is a depletion number, which is defined as the exergy destruction/input exergy [21,29]. This relation demonstrates how reducing a system’s environmental impact can be ach- ieved by reducing its exergy destruction. 3.1. Efficiencies 3.1.1. Energy efficiency The energy efficiency of the OTEC system is defined as the net power output of the system divided by input energy at evap- orator, which can be expressed as: in;WS in;WS WS;in 0 0 WS;in 0 $ _ Table 2 e Input parameters used to model PEM electrolysis [26,27]. Parameter Value PO2 (atm) PH2 (atm) TPEM (C) Eact,a (kJ/mol) Eact,c (kJ/mol) la lc D (mm) Jref (A/m2) a Jref (A/m2) c F (C/mol) 1.0 1.0 80 76 18 14 10 100 1.7 105 4.6 103 96,486PDF Image | H2 Energy
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