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Figure 10.5 Objectives for future development of geothermal heat in France. The objectives for geothermal heat in 2012 and 2020 were defined in 2009 (Figure 10.5): Direct use: from 1.5 TWh in 2006 to 2.3 TWh in 2012 and 5.8 TWh in 2020. Geothermal heat pumps: from 1.0 TWh in 2006 to 3.9 TWh in 2012 and 6.6 TWh in 2020. That means two million households using ground-source heat pumps in 2020. Geothermal electricity is expected to reach 80 MW in France in 2020, with two objectives: Provide French West Indies and La Réunion with de- carbonized energy by replacing the thermal electricity production at a reasonable cost; the 2020 objective for these islands being 50% renewables instead of 23% at a national level, because the current production is mainly from fossil fuel. Acquire good experience with EGS projects to develop this energy in a larger way by 2050. In 2011, a strategic geothermal roadmap was published by ADEME (the French Agency for Environment and Energy). It describes the challenges and issues of the geothermal sector, gives a 2020 vision, and identifies the technical and scientific barriers to define the R&D priorities and the need for demonstration operations. Progress varies considerably among the various geothermal uses: Electricity: many projects are emerging on the mainland (combined heat and power); but fewer are planned for the overseas regions, due to a less favourable framework (notably, the feed-in tariff). Direct use: a few installations are made each year in the Paris basin, which is encouraging but not sufficient. To reach the objective, the number of installations made in the Paris basin must increase and other projects must be launched in a variety of aquifers and geological contexts. Ground source heat pumps: the installed capacity is growing very slowly, so the pace must increase to reach the target. To reduce energy demand, one main measure was to set a new standard for energy consumption in new buildings at a level of 50 kWh/m2/year. This requires replacing electric heating with, e.g., heat pumps. But the rules attached to this thermal regulation are at the end encouraging gas and biomass in a more evident way than heat pumps, so that the heat pump market has decreased for 2008. A major need is clarification of the regulation for ground source heat pumps. Procedures for shallow geothermal projects are currently unclear, and may be either very onerous, or non-existent. In addition, the environmental requirements are not defined. Consequently, work is being done on regulatory procedures, professional standards and the certification of drillers. Unfortunately, the new regulation is not expected before late 2013. 10.3 IndustryStatus&MarketDevelopment French industry covers all aspects of geothermal: turbine and heat pump manufacturers, surface and subsurface engineering companies, drillers, etc. In 2010, most of them gathered into a national geothermal association called AFPG, in addition to the existing SER which represents all renewable energies. In December 2012, AFPG organized the second edition of the French Geothermal Days, a two-day conference and exhibition. A directory of the French geothermal players has been published in 2012 by the French renewable energy association (SER). Major constraints apply to the heat pump market, with two important factors being: The relatively low cost of gas affects the profitability of shallow geothermal projects, especially for heat only applications (housing). The new regulatory scheme for energy efficiency in buildings is based on primary energy and does not consider the emitted greenhouse gases or the consequences on the national trade balance; a coefficient of 2.58 is applied to electricity (1 electrical kWh equals to 2.58 thermal kWh) making heat pumps less competitive than they could be. A more balanced approach should be included in the future standard. A ‘Renewable Heat Fund’ (‘Fonds chaleur renouvelable’) was established in 2009 to fund projects related to industry, collective housing, and commercial buildings. About € 1.2 billion was allocated to cover all renewable energies for the 2009-2013 period. The aim is to fund the difference between 5PDF Image | IEA Geothermal Implementing Agreement
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