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Table 10.2 Geothermal projects and funding for 2012. Quantity of produced renewable energy (toe/yr) Amount of the subsidy given by ADEME (k€) Geothermal Project Type Number of funded projects 2009 2010 2011 2012 2012 2012 Deepgeothermal 1 4 4 3 8,692 6,918 Shallowaquifers 4 32 33 18 884 1,346 TOTAL 16 77 87 a renewable heat project and a reference solution, generally using gas. Funding of geothermal projects, including development of heating networks and subsidies for feasibility studies, is now well established (Table 10.2). Several other measures to develop heating networks have been implemented since 2010 (see the 2010 GIA Annual Report). A system of energy saving certificates also encourages suppliers to promote energy savings. A 26% tax reduction exists for individual housing, covering the heat pump and the geothermal heat exchanger. The 2011 rate was 36% but all renewable energy supports have decreased. In addition, there are zero-interest loans and an energy saving certificate scheme. An important incentive for the development of geothermal projects is an appropriate risk mitigation scheme. Two separate public schemes exist in France, one for deep geothermal (managed by ‘SAF Environnement’) and one for shallow (covering only operations on aquifers and called Aquapac). Both cover short term (initial flow rate and temperature) and long term (exploitability of the resource over 20 years) risks; but the insured sums are very different: € 4.2 M for the deep projects and € 115 k for the shallow ones. The two funds are supported jointly by public authorities and by the project owners. There are currently no such schemes for electricity development. For electricity, the main support is the new feed-in tariff initiated in July 2010. Geothermal electricity is now bought at an increased price of 130 €/MWh in the overseas departments (instead of 100 €/MWh) and 200 €/MWh on the mainland. A bonus is given if the co-produced heat is also used. This has resulted in many companies emerging to manage deep geothermal projects, above all on the mainland. The support scheme for overseas department should be re- examined. Borehole heat exchangers 10 35 34 30 506 2,403 Wastewater 1 6 16 13 1,909 3,817 64 11,991 14,484 10.4 Research, Development & Demonstration French research covers the entire range of geothermal topics, especially EGS, using the pilot plant at Soultz-sous- Forêts. The 3rd phase of the Soultz R&D programme is on- going, focusing on exploitation, monitoring, and determination of the life time of such geothermal projects. The 4th phase is being discussed. After two calls for projects on all research domains in France, 171 Laboratories of excellence have been awarded. The “G-Eau-Thermie Profonde” Laboratory received its official quality label in March 2012. Based in Alsace, it will focus on deep geothermal energy and receive a € 33 million funding on an 8-year period. An Institute of Excellence for Carbon-Free Energies called GeodEnergies has been awarded. Based in Orléans, it will work on three industrial sectors associated with subsurface levels: CO2 storage, energy storage and geothermal energy (heat and electricity). Besides these two major decisions, the main part of the national R&D budget for geothermal energy is managed by ADEME, with a part of the upstream research funded by ANR (national agency for research) and technological innovation funded by FUI (fund for industrial clusters). Thanks to ADEME, some R&D is also conducted on conventional high enthalpy, notably at Bouillante. Research on low enthalpy consists of resource characterization, modelling, environmental issues and underground thermal energy storage. R&D work on ground source heat pumps and geothermal heat exchangers is also pursued with the aim of optimising the whole system and testing innovative concepts, such as combining various renewable energies and underground thermal energy storage. ANR funded Gecko project, focused on systems using energy piles, and FUI funded 6PDF Image | IEA Geothermal Implementing Agreement
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