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Heat Recovery Equipment There are two primary types of heat recovery equipment used by industry: heat exchangers and heat pumps. The use of heat exchangers is more common than the use of heat pumps, especially in retrofit situations. However, heat pumps may be a more economic option in some instances. For example, heat pumps can facilitate energy savings when passive heat- exchange is not possible due to low waste-heat temperature or small temperature differences. The coefficient of performance (COPhp) for a heat pump must be considerably greater than 3 to be economically attractive and greater than the breakeven COP for the prevailing energy price conditions. The vast majority of heat pumps operate with temperature lifts of less than 100 oF (DOE 2003b). There are four common types of industrial heat pumps: • Closed-cycle mechanical heat pumps use mechanical compression of refrigerant. They are used for lumber drying, space heating, and heating water/process liquids. • Open-cycle mechanical vapor compression heat pumps use mechanical compression to increase the pressure of waste water vapor. They are used in evaporation and distillation processes commonly found in the petroleum, chemicals, pulp, and food and beverage industries. • Open-cycle thermocompression heat pumps use high-pressure steam to increase the pressure of waste water vapor. They are used in evaporators and flash-steam recovery systems, such as paper dryers. It is generally more cost-effective to select an open-cycle heat pump, as it has both higher COP and lower capital cost relative to a closed-cycle heat pump (Global 2006a). • Closed-cycle absorption heat pumps use a two-component working fluid and the principles of boiling-point elevation and heat of absorption. They can deliver a much higher temperature lift than the other heat pumps and have the ability to provide simultaneous cooling and heating. They are typically used in chilling applications. Primary Benefits of Waste-Heat Recovery Waste-heat recovery provides numerous benefits to industry, including: • Reduces energy costs: All recovered waste heat directly replaces purchased energy, thereby reducing energy costs; • Reduces cost of capital equipment: Reuse of waste heat allows for the use of smaller energy conversion equipment capacity, often resulting in savings in capital expenditures offsetting the cost of the heat recovery system; • Reduces operating costs: Since waste heat recovery reduces energy costs and often also reduces capital costs, it reduces operating costs; • Reduces environmental impact: Because all waste-heat recovery directly replaces purchased energy, it also reduces the environmental impact on air and water; • Reduces GHG emissions: Waste-heat recovery by industry reduces GHG emissions associated with industrial operation; © 2007 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry 2-7PDF Image | Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Benefits and Recent Advancements in Technology and Applications
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