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Key findings • The Mayor is targeting the supply of 25% of London’s energy demand from decentralised sources by 2025. This study suggests that secondary sources of heat could provide the majority of this target, although there are a large number of variables that will impact on delivery. • In the event that the viability of primary heating fuels in district networks is significantly reduced, the sources identified in this study could provide sufficient heat to replace them in full. Supply • Secondary sources of heat are varied in nature. They are widely distributed across London resulting in differing availability between and within boroughs. They vary widely in temperature from below 10°C (some environmental sources) to 70°C (some industrial sources). They also vary in terms of seasonal and diurnal availability. • For most secondary heat sources, their temperature is too low for direct use. It is therefore necessary to ‘upgrade’ them to a useful temperature using heat pumps. Heat pump efficiency is important for secondary heat source utilisation as it affects the cost and carbon intensity of the heat delivered and will impact London’s electrical infrastructure. • Decreasing heat network temperatures increases heat pump efficiency. The minimum suggested network operating temperature is 55°C. To maximise the amount of London’s current building stock that can connect to secondary heat networks, a compromise of 70°C has been used for modelling purposes. • Analysis shows that by using heat pumps to deliver heat at 70°C, the total heat that could be delivered from secondary sources in London is of the order of 71 TWh/yr which is more than the city’s total estimated heat demand of 66 TWh/yr in 2010. Of this 71 TWh/yr, around 50 TWh/yr (70%) would be from the secondary heat source itself and the remaining 21 TWh/yr (30%) would be attributed to the heat pump energy requirements. • Under the proposed conditions some form of peak heating source would be required during very cold weather. This could be done locally (e.g. gas boilers) or by increasing the heat network temperature. • Secondary heat sources that may not be significant for London as a whole may be significant locally, such as tube ventilation shaft heat recovery. Emerging opportunities for low temperature networks in London depend on localised distribution of supply in relation to demand. A number of areas have been identified. • There are likely to be complex commercial issues to resolve to balance the number of sources available and their intermittency to make a viable business case. Demand • Some requirements for heat, such as cooking, can never be met by low temperature sources. Space heating requirements also differ between building types, with poorly insulated ones being less able to 5PDF Image | LONDONS ZERO CARBON ENERGY RESOURCE Secondary Heat
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