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utilise low temperature sources than well insulated ones. Applying these constraints to London’s total heat demand of 66 TWh/yr it is estimated that 25 TWh/yr (38%) could be met by secondary heat delivered via heat networks operating at 70°C without the need for significant retrofit. Of this 25 TWh/yr, around 2 TWh/yr would not currently be located sufficiently close2 to secondary heat sources to utilise this heat via district heating networks. • The proportion of London’s heating demand that could be met by district heating networks operating at 70°C could rise to 30 TWh/yr by 2050, assuming ambitious retrofit programmes were implemented over that period. Cost & Carbon • Generally the cheapest sources with the lowest carbon intensity are those occurring at the highest temperatures. Some industrial sources produce waste heat at above 70°C and can be fed directly into heat networks without the need for heat pumps. Heat from data centres and electrical transformers are the next most cost and carbon efficient technologies, producing heat throughout the year at 40°C and 50°C respectively. Performance drops off for intermittent sources producing heat at lower temperatures. • Based on the current carbon intensity of the electricity grid, the carbon intensity of most secondary heat sources is lower than that of heat supplied via large centralised gas boilers. 85% of London’s 2010 heat demand (56 TWh/yr) can be considered as ‘CO2 competitive’. • The cost of all environmental heat sources is currently higher than that of heat supplied by large centralised gas boilers, however the cost of industrial and commercial sources are comparable and in some cases lower. 18% of London’s 2010 heat demand (12 TWh/yr) can be considered as ‘cost competitive’. • Due to the need to use heat pumps to utilise most secondary sources of heat, the carbon intensity and cost of secondary heat sources are linked to those of the electricity grid. As the carbon intensity of the grid falls, so too will that of secondary heat. As the cost of electricity rises, so too will the cost of secondary heat. Building & Network Infrastructure • The fabric of buildings, their internal heating systems and the way in which they are connected to a district heating system all impact upon their ability to utilise heat supplied at different temperatures. The more efficient the building systems and connections, the lower the temperature at which heat can be supplied and the less energy is required to upgrade low temperature secondary sources of heat to make them useful. • Conventional district heating networks operating at higher temperatures can be adapted to utilise lower temperature sources but there are implications for network design such as pipe diameters and control which are likely to reduce the capacity of the networks. 2A 5km limit has been placed on the distance that secondary heat can viably be transported via networks. This constraint is indicative only. 6PDF Image | LONDONS ZERO CARBON ENERGY RESOURCE Secondary Heat
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