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Table 1- Secondary heat sources in London Heat Source Description Typical heat offtake temperature Ground source Below ground temperatures are stable throughout the year. Heat can be extracted from ‘open’ or ‘closed’ loop systems, dependent on site conditions - the former use aquifers, the latter boreholes. River source As with air source, rivers at any temperature contain some heat. The quantity and temperature vary with flow rates and seasonal variations in ambient conditions. 5-20°C Industrial sources A number of industrial processes lead to the rejection of waste heat. Particular ones open to analysis are chemical industries, clinical waste incinerators and food producers. 35-70°C Highly variable Outside air at any temperature contains some heat, the quantity of which varies both seasonally and diurnally. Power stations that burn fuel to generate electricity generally operate at electrical efficiencies of around 30-50% depending on fuel type and technology. Considerable energy is lost in the form of waste heat that is generally rejected to the atmosphere. Power stations types include gas fired open and combined cycle plant, energy from waste, landfill gas, biogas, sludge incineration and CHP. Buildings use a range of different cooling systems linked to both occupation and ambient conditions. Many systems will operate more during summer months and use air or water cooled chillers to reject heat at low temperatures. 13-14°C Air source 2-16°C can be much lower Power station rejection 35°C in some cases much higher Building cooling system heat rejection 28°C Commercial buildings non- HVAC Some buildings reject heat from equipment other than building cooling systems (e.g. from food refrigeration, IT equipment). Two key commercial operations are supermarkets and data centres. 32-40°C Water treatment works Low grade heat is released from water treatment works due to biological activity associated with sewage treatment. 14-22°C Metro tunnels (eg. London Underground, Crossrail) Heat generated underground through train braking, lighting and passengers is rejected through ventilated shafts at strategic positions along the network. 12-29°C UKPN / National Grid electrical infra- structure Sewer heat mining Sewage in underground sewers contains heat which can be ‘tapped’ or ‘mined’ in a similar way to the extraction of heat from the ground or rivers. 14-22°C Electricity substations on both the transmission and distribution networks contain transformers to convert power from one voltage to another. Transformer coils are usually cooled and insulated by being immersed in insulating oil. 50°C 10 Infrastructure sources Process sources Environmental sourcesPDF Image | LONDONS ZERO CARBON ENERGY RESOURCE Secondary Heat
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