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Utilisation – the importance of heat pumps The heat available from secondary sources is generally of a low grade, that is, of low temperatures in the region of 5°C - 35°C with few direct uses. As such it needs to be upgraded to higher temperatures before it is delivered to an end user. This upgrade is achieved through the use of heat pumps. Heat pumps use electricity to raise the temperature of low grade heat to more useful levels. The efficiency with which they do this (referred to as their Coefficient of Performance (COP)) depends largely on the difference in temperature between the heat at source and the heat as supplied. The greater that difference, the more electricity is required and the less efficient is the heat pump. This is shown in Figure 2 which collates results from a review of heat pump manufacturers’ data. The electricity required to supply a network at 85°C (green line) is roughly twice that of one required to supply a network at only 55°C (yellow line). Figure 2 - Heat pump COPs for four different heat output temperatures (500-1000kW scale heat pump). A heat pump can typically be considered to be unviable (ie. the cost of the electricity required to increase the heat supply temperature is greater than the value of the heat supplied) at a COP below ~ 3 (the dashed line in Figure 2)6. Where subsidies are available this figure will vary. The COP increases when the required flow temperature decreases as the heat pump is required to do less work. Though meeting demand at a low temperature is more efficient from a supply point of view, most heating systems in the current building stock cannot utilise such temperatures. As such, a 70°C heat network provides the best compromise between upgraded supply and minimising heat pump costs. This is referred to in more detail later, in the section on building construction and internal systems. 6 GLA 80253 – Heat Pumps and Data Centres. A high-level review of technology and performance. GLA, May 2012. 11PDF Image | LONDONS ZERO CARBON ENERGY RESOURCE Secondary Heat
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