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Quantifying delivered heat The current available heat from all secondary sources across London is of the order of 50,000 GWh/yr. If all of this were upgraded for supply via a 70°C district heating network, 21,300 GWh/yr of electrical input from heat pumps would be required resulting in a total of 71,300 GWh/yr of deliverable heat. This is above London’s current estimated heat demand of 66,000 GWh/yr. Delivered heat is defined as the heat supplied to the district network as shown in Figure 3, split between that available directly from the heat source (dark blue) and that supplied via the heat pumps (light blue). The sources at lower temperatures, such as air and ground, require more heat pump energy than those at higher temperatures, such as waste heat from power stations or electrical infrastructure. Figure 3 - delivered heat by source showing heat pump energy requirements The three greatest sources of supply for delivered heat make up 62% of the supply from all sources. These are air source (23%), water treatment works (20%) and ground source (19%). The environmental sources tend to dominate as they are effectively only constrained by demand, notwithstanding the high impact they could have on electricity networks and their poor performance in terms of cost and carbon. For environmental sources practical constraints have been applied governing the frequency of heat abstraction locations as well as the maximum capacity heat pump (20MW) at any one location. In practice, implementing heat abstraction at all these sources is unlikely to be feasible. The figures included here for air and ground source in particular are likely to significantly overestimate the practically available supply. Sources which appear to have limited potential (<0.1% of total heat demand) at a macro scale include London Underground ventilation (0.02%), small industrial processes (0.04%) and larger industrial sources (0.12%).7 Note this does not mean that these sources could not be used on a project specific basis. They are available in relatively concentrated quantities which makes them easier to recover than ground or air source energy. Additionally recovering heat from the London Underground has the added benefit of cooling the underground. Non direct savings such as this have not been quantified as part of this study. 7 The availability of data for industrial sources in currently relatively limited 12PDF Image | LONDONS ZERO CARBON ENERGY RESOURCE Secondary Heat
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