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Carbon intensity and cost The purpose of seeking to utilise secondary sources of heat is to support the decarbonisation of energy supply in a cost effective way. The carbon intensity and unit cost of heat delivered from secondary sources is strongly linked to the environmental performance and cost of electricity supplied by the grid. Figure 5 shows the relationship of carbon intensity and levelised cost11 for each secondary heat source for a ‘business-as-usual’12 case for 2010. The grey lines indicate the carbon intensity (205 kg CO2/MWh) and cost (2.1 p/kWh) of a counterfactual (base case) of centralised large gas boilers. Those sources in the bottom left hand quartile are those with a lower carbon intensity and cost than the base case. The size of each bubble indicates the availability of each source for London as a whole. Figure 5- Current carbon intensity v levelisedcost of secondary heat sources in London. The grey dotted lines indicate the cost and carbon intensity of the counterfactual of centralised large gas boilers. In general the higher temperature sources such as industrial sources, power station heat rejection, data centres and supermarkets are preferable, with the lower temperature sources such as air and ground being least preferable. This largely reflects the cost and carbon associated with the heat pump energy and shows that over the life of the systems, the capital costs are typically much less significant than energy costs for heat pumps. This split is shown for all sources across London in Figure 6 overleaf. For the above scenario 12,000 GWh/yr (18% of London’s 2010 heat demand) can be considered as ‘cost competitive’ and 56,000GWh/yr (85% of London’s 2010 heat demand) can be considered as ‘CO2 competitive’, notwithstanding demand restrictions 11 Costs include both the capital cost of heat capture infrastructure and the operational cost of heat pump electricity. Heat networks are assumed to be pre-existing and so are not included. Levelised costs are calculated by dividing capital and operational costs by discounted heat supplied over a suitable period (20 years in most cases). 12 A business –as-usual scenario reflects a market driven investment model leading to limited investment in long term infrastructure. DECC low projections (DECC (2012) Updated Energy & Emissions Projections, Annex F) have been used for energy prices, heat demand growth with no efficiency measures and a maximum heat network penetration of 70%. It is assumed that hot water demand cannot be supplied from secondary heat networks. 15PDF Image | LONDONS ZERO CARBON ENERGY RESOURCE Secondary Heat
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