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Implications for connecting to low temperature sources Conventional heating systems in existing buildings typically operate at flow / return temperatures of 82/71°C. Whilst it is possible to upgrade low temperature heat supply to this level using heat pumps, supplying heat at low temperatures can help improve the efficiency of the network. Losses Reducing the flow temperature has a significant effect on the network losses. The lower the flow temperature, the lower the difference in temperature between the flow pipe and the ground, and therefore the slower the heat transfer out of the pipe. Typically, a network with a flow / return of 70/55 °C has losses of 6-7%, reducing the system conditions to 55/30 °C can reduce network heat losses to approximately 3.5-4.5%. Pipeline materials Networks operating at lower temperatures can make use of plastic PEX14 pipes which are relatively cheap, flexible and quick to fit when compared to conventional steel pipes. Their use in district heating systems is restricted as plastic pipes cannot withstand high temperatures. PEX should only be used if the operational temperatures are less than ~85°C and is therefore well suited to the conditions of low temperature networks. Pipe dimensions However, flow temperatures are likely to result in lower temperature differentials. For networks to operate at lower temperatures, pipe diameters may therefore need to be greater to accommodate the larger volume of water required to meet heating needs. There is an increased cost associated with this however savings in pipe material and losses can be used to offset this. Multiple temperature networks A low temperature source can in theory be integrated into a high temperature network without upgrade via a heat pump, though this will be difficult to control for smaller networks. This could make integrating secondary heat sources cheaper. A more straightforward solution is the use of networks split into a number of areas at different temperatures. This arrangement is used successfully in Denmark where there are high temperature transmission mains and lower temperature networks to distribute heat to end users. Connection of lower temperature sources to the return leg of DH pipe work It may be possible to connect low temperature sources to the return leg of the district heating mains, depending on the primary heat production plant. This design would not suit a CHP unit, where return temperatures are required to be as low as possible. However, it may be suitable if the primary plant is boiler plant and is capable of receiving return water at a high temperature without losing efficiency. Domestic hot water and legionella Legionella regulations require any domestic hot water storage to be disinfected on a regular basis by raising temperatures to a minimum of 65°C15. This limits the practical district heating network temperature to around 70°C. 14 PEX is the common abbreviation of cross-linked polyethylene, a material often used for pipe manufacture. 15 Building Regulations Approved Document G says that control of legionella should be done in accordance with the HSE Approved Code of Practice L8. These requirements are echoed in the CIBSE guidance document TM13 2002. 18PDF Image | LONDONS ZERO CARBON ENERGY RESOURCE Secondary Heat
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