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temperature gas boilers could then be used to meet the remaining peak heating demand. Further upgrade to a C rating could allow 100% of demand to be met by a 55/35°C network , however although clearly providing an additional benefit, the cost associated with high levels of retrofit is likely to be prohibitive . Figure 9 - Impact on load duration curve of upgrading the fabric of a poor quality building (ie. residential E-rated) Secondary system design and control The design of the final heating systems and the control of that system are important for effective utilisation of lower temperature heat sources, and particularly for ensuring low return temperatures to the heat network. Low return temperatures are essential as they enable the use of low temperature heat sources. They also maintain the capacity of the networks. Many buildings connected to heat networks in the UK do not provide adequate cooling of the return water. The following recommendations set out a best practice approach and draw from research by the International Energy Agency as well as case studies of recent practice. Recommendations for terminal design and controls Principle Benefits 2-port control Underfloor heating Thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs) Programmable room thermostats Large Radiators Regulates flow and ensures heating water passes through heat emitters at only the rate required to heat the space. This means that heating water is cooled as much as possible, reducing the return temperature. Central heating system operating temperatures are typically around 30 – 45°C and so well suited to low temperature supply without the need for extensive modifications. Valves automatically control the temperature of the room by changing the flow to the radiator. Allows heating to be restricted to certain periods and temperatures to reduce heat wastage and to avoid overheating. Sized to meet a pre-existing high heat demand with a lower flow temperature. Weather compensation controls A more predictive control mechanism to measure outdoor temperatures and adjust heating supply temperatures accordingly. The network and systems can be operated at lower temperatures allowing lower temperature sources to be used. Only on cold days are flow temperatures increased. 21PDF Image | LONDONS ZERO CARBON ENERGY RESOURCE Secondary Heat
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