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demands. Top up gas boilers could also be used to meet peak demands by increasing network flow temperatures above the notional 70°C supply. Figure 11 shows the spread of carbon intensity and cost of each heat source within the Barking and Royal Docks area. This suggests that sources with both high load factors and low costs should be prioritised. These include energy from waste plants, industrial sources, supermarkets and data centres. Barking Power Station highlights the negative effect of high intermittency of supply. The available supply here is large; however the cost of large heat pump infrastructure is slow to pay back due to the low (10%) load factor assumed for the power station. Figure 11 - Carbon intensity vs levelised cost of secondary heat sources in Barking and the Royal Docks. The grey dotted lines indicate the cost and carbon intensity of the counterfactual of centralised large gas boilers. An energy balance has been carried out to determine the proportion of the 446 GWh/yr heat demand which can reliably and cost effectively (under a 2010 scenario energy price comparison) be provided by secondary heat sources. It was found that 399 GWh/yr could be delivered by these sources at 70°C, of which 332 GWh/yr would be available from the secondary heat sources themselves and the remaining 67 GWh/yr would be required as heat pump energy. The shortfall in meeting the annual demand would be met with heat provided from centralised gas boilers (the counterfactual case). When comparing this scenario to one where all heating is provided by gas boilers, secondary heat sources demonstrate a 73% saving in the energy required for heating across the pilot area. Using the 2010 assumptions for carbon intensities this also represents a CO2 saving of 48%. The role of storage Thermal stores can be used as ‘dumps’ for heat produced during off-peak periods or when excess electricity from wind generation is available at low or negative cost. Where sources do not require heat pumps to reach required temperatures, this energy would be available at no additional energy cost and could be used to effectively maximise the load factor of the lowest cost sources. 24PDF Image | LONDONS ZERO CARBON ENERGY RESOURCE Secondary Heat
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