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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive summary Key findings • LEU-target conversion is important for long-term security of supply of the key medical isotopes molybdenum-99 and technetium-99m (99Mo/99mTc). • LEU-target conversion does reduce the available irradiation and processing capacity, but it is not the expected cause of potential long-term shortages. • Long-term shortages could occur if the unsustainable economic situation in the 99Mo/99mTc supply chain does not improve. However, under a situation of ongoing economic challenges LEU-target conversion could accelerate long-term shortages. • Converted LEU-based 99Mo is more expensive than HEU-based 99Mo. • The LEU-target conversion price impact is an increase of less than 8% from the radiopharmacy, but impacts are greater upstream. • There could be a role for governments to encourage LEU-target conversion and consumer uptake of non-HEU-based 99Mo/99mTc to ensure long-term supply security. Introduction Following the shortages of the key medical radioisotopes molybdenum-99 (99Mo) and its daughter technetium-99m (99mTc), the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) created the High-level Group on the Security of Supply of Medical Radioisotopes (HLG-MR). Since 2009, this group has identified the reasons for the isotope shortages and developed a policy approach to address the challenges to a long-term secure supply of these important medical isotopes. In addition to the ongoing concerns related to long-term reliability, all current long-term major 99Mo-producing countries have agreed to convert to using low-enriched uranium (LEU) targets for the production of 99Mo. This decision was made based on important non- proliferation reasons; however, the conversion will have potential impacts on the global supply chain – both in terms of costs and available capacity. Furthermore, it is important to realise that there may not be global access to a long- term supply of highly enriched uranium (HEU) for 99Mo/99mTc production in the mid-term.1 As a result, long-term security of supply of these important medical isotopes requires the move to non-HEU based production, through converting to LEU targets for 99Mo production in existing (and new) producers and through the use of new technologies. Recognising this situation and cognisant of the need to ensure a long-term secure supply of 99Mo/99mTc, the NEA and its HLG-MR undertook a study to quantify the expected capacity and cost impacts of LEU-target conversion. In addition, the study looked at 1. For example, the American Medical Isotopes Production Act of 2011 (S.99), which has passed the US Senate and was in front of the US House of Representatives at the time of writing, includes provisions to restrict the export of HEU from the United States for the purposes of medical isotope production, seven years after enactment. MARKET IMPACTS OF CONVERTING TO LOW-ENRICHED URANIUM TARGETS FOR MEDICAL ISOTOPE PRODUCTION, ISBN 978-92-64-99197-2, © OECD 2012 7PDF Image | Market Impacts of Converting to Low-enriched Uranium Targets for Medical Isotope Production
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