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1.1. Purpose of the study Following the shortages of the key medical radioisotopes molybdenum-99 (99Mo) and its daughter technetium-99m (99mTc) the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) created the High-level Group on the Security of Supply of Medical Radioisotopes (HLG-MR). Since 2009, this group has identified the reasons for the isotope shortages and developed a policy approach to address the challenges to a long-term secure supply of these important medical isotopes. On top of the ongoing concerns related to long-term reliability, all current long-term major 99Mo-producing countries have agreed to convert to using low-enriched uranium1 (LEU) targets for the production of 99Mo.2 This decision was made based on important non-proliferation reasons; however, the conversion will have potential impacts on the global supply chain – both in terms of costs and available capacity. In addition, it is important to realise that there may not be global access to a long- term supply of highly enriched uranium (HEU) for 99Mo/99mTc production in the mid-term.3 As a result, long-term security of supply of these important medical isotopes requires the move to non-HEU based production, through converting to LEU targets for 99Mo production in existing (and new) producers and through the use of new technologies. Recognising that conversion is important and will occur, and also recognising the need to ensure a long-term secure supply of 99Mo/99mTc, the NEA and its HLG-MR undertook a study to quantify the expected capacity and cost impacts of LEU-target conversion. This study seeks to fill a gap in past or ongoing analysis on LEU conversion for 99Mo production. Most analysis has been generally technical in nature. Those studies that have examined the economic impacts have tended to focus on facility-level impacts and have not expanded the study to look at the impacts on the whole supply chain. In addition, the study looked at potential policy options to ensure a reliable supply of 1. Fuel elements and targets are classified as LEU, containing less than 20% of uranium-235 (235U), or HEU, which contains greater than 20% 235U. HEU targets for 99Mo production can have up to around 93% 235U. 2. All current producing countries (and expected new major entrants) agreed to the principle of converting to using LEU targets for 99Mo production through the work plan of the Washington Nuclear Security Summit (April 2010). At the Seoul Nuclear Security Summit (March 2012), Belgium, France, the Netherlands and the United States reaffirmed their commitment to minimise the use of HEU for civilian purposes and to ensure a reliable supply of medical isotopes for patients worldwide. Australia and South Africa are already producing LEU-based 99Mo for the global market. Canada has indicated that they will not be producing 99Mo from its NRU reactor after 2016. 3. For example, the American Medical Isotopes Production Act of 2011 (S.99), which has passed the US Senate and was in front of the US House of Representatives at the time of writing, includes provisions to restrict the export of HEU from the United States for the purposes of medical isotope production. CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1. Introduction MARKET IMPACTS OF CONVERTING TO LOW-ENRICHED URANIUM TARGETS FOR MEDICAL ISOTOPE PRODUCTION, ISBN 978-92-64-99197-2, © OECD 2012 15PDF Image | Market Impacts of Converting to Low-enriched Uranium Targets for Medical Isotope Production
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