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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 99Mo and/or 99mTc produced without HEU, consistent with the time frames and policies of the HLG-MR.4 The HLG-MR’s main interest in understanding the impacts of LEU-target conversion is to ensure a long-term secure supply of medical radioisotopes. It is clear that HEU may not be available for 99Mo/99mTc production in the mid to long term. Time is required to convert the irradiation and processing facilities, and to obtain the health regulatory approval necessary. As a result, it is necessary to encourage a smooth transition to using LEU targets. This report describes the market impact study and its findings, and briefly discusses the need for policy actions. 1.2. HEU use in the 99Mo/99mTc supply chain HEU is used in the 99Mo/99mTc supply chain both as fuel in research reactors and as targets that are irradiated in order to produce 99Mo. The study undertaken by the NEA and presented in this report is focused on the conversion of the targets from HEU to LEU; fuel conversion is not examined in this study. Figure 1.1 presents the major participants and distribution channels of the 99Mo supply chain. To understand the current situation related to HEU use, the figure shows which reactors are using HEU fuel (in orange) and which are using LEU fuel (in green). The figure also shows which processors are using HEU targets for 99Mo production (in orange) and which are using LEU targets (in green). NTP (South Africa) is coloured both orange and green as they are in the process of converting to using LEU targets (from targets with 45% 235U); they produce both HEU- and LEU-based 99Mo pending their customers receiving health regulatory approval to use their LEU-based 99Mo. As noted above, all current long-term 99Mo-producing processors and reactors have confirmed that they will convert to using LEU targets. Covidien and Institute for Radioelements (IRE) have indicated that they expect to be converted to using LEU targets in 2015. The government of Canada has indicated that the NRU reactor will not be producing 99Mo after 2016 and therefore will not be converting to LEU targets for 99Mo production. 1.3. Overview of the NEA study on LEU-target conversion impacts Given the current use of HEU for 99Mo production and the agreements to convert to using LEU targets, it is important to understand the impacts on long-term security of supply. It is clear that target conversion will have an impact on producers and users of 99Mo/99mTc; simply, 99Mo is a fission product from 235U and therefore, if there is less 235U in each target there will be less 99Mo produced from each target. This means that there would be a reduction in effective capacity for 99Mo production in converting irradiators and processors. This could be expected to lead to increased costs and prices of 99Mo/99mTc in the market since costs would be spread over less product, as well as the fact that there are investments required to be able to use LEU targets. To improve the understanding of the expected capacity and cost impacts on the supply chain of converting to using LEU targets for 99Mo production, the NEA examined the impact on individual facilities to develop an assessment of the impacts on the whole 16 MARKET IMPACTS OF CONVERTING TO LOW-ENRICHED URANIUM TARGETS FOR MEDICAL ISOTOPE PRODUCTION, ISBN 978-92-64-99197-2, © OECD 2012 4. Refer to the publications, The Supply of Medical Radioisotopes: The Path to Reliability (OECD/NEA, 2011) and The Supply of Medical Radioisotopes: An Economic Study of the Molybdenum-99 Supply Chain, (OECD/NEA, 2010a) for a discussion on the economic situation in the 99Mo/99mTc market and the HLG-MR policy approach.PDF Image | Market Impacts of Converting to Low-enriched Uranium Targets for Medical Isotope Production
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