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report looks at the opportunity for developing smaller trough power plants that might be suitable for distributed, remote, or green power markets. Because of the inherent problems (complexity and operational issues) with steam cycle power plants at smaller sizes, this report focuses on systems that integrate troughs into ORC power plants. The Coolidge Solar Irrigation Project (Larson, 1983) demonstrated a 150-kWe trough-ORC solar power plant. This plant operated successfully for several years, but suffered from a number of problems that at the time precluded further development of this concept. The main problems were low collector performance, high operation and maintenance (O&M) costs (mainly due to the problems associated with the cooling tower), and a low annual output. Given the significant improvements in solar and ORC technologies since the 1980s, a reassessment of the technology is warranted. This report explores the performance of MTPP in the size range of about 1 MWe. The MTPP will use the ORC power plant technology with dry cooling, which has been applied to geothermal power plants over the past 20 years. The MTPP combines the field-proven technologies of the ORC power unit and the CSP troughs with thermal storage systems under development at SunLab (a virtual laboratory collaboration consisting of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory [NREL] and Sandia National Laboratory). The MTPP system will produce cost- effective power and have wide applications for distributed power. The MTPP concept will be the first of its kind to explore small-scale nighttime generation with stored solar energy. This technology will be the first of its kind to produce electricity from trough systems with automated, virtually unattended operation. The MTPP concept will make it possible to produce electricity from solar trough systems in the range of $0.1 to $0.15 per kilowatt-hour (kWh), as opposed to other solar technologies at $0.30/kWh. It is, therefore, NREL’s objective to analyze the performance of a base-line MTPP and provide operating, as well as economic, data for a first-of-a-kind MTPP. This report provides such information. 2.1 Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC) ORC power cycles are primarily used for lower temperature heat sources, such as geothermal or waste-heat recovery. The low resource temperature results in low efficiency of the ORCs; however, ORCs can be designed to operate at substantially higher efficiencies for trough systems. Hundreds of megawatts of ORC power systems have been installed around the world. ORCs use organic (hydrocarbon) fluids that can be selected to best match the heat source and heat sink temperatures. They can use air-cooling instead of the evaporative wet cooling typically used at steam Rankine cycle plants. The hydrocarbon working fluids function like steam in the steam Rankine cycles. However, the ORC fluids are generally used at lower pressures. For safety reasons these fluids are condensed at above-atmospheric pressures. These factors greatly reduce the complexity and cost of ORC systems. In addition, smaller ORC systems can generally be run remotely, and they only periodically need on-site operator or maintenance intervention. The following are the primary advantages of an ORC power cycle for applications with troughs. First, ORCs operate at lower temperatures; thus, we can reduce the trough’s operating temperatures from 735°F (390°C) to 580°F (304°C). This means that an inexpensive heat transfer fluid such as Caloria may be used instead of the existing fluid. Since Caloria is inexpensive, it 2PDF Image | Modular Trough Power Plant Cycle and Systems Analysis
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