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can be used in a simple two-tank thermal storage system similar to the thermal storage system at SEGS I. At lower operating temperatures, these plants are ideal for U.S.-supplied non-evacuated receiver tubes. Lower solar field-operating temperatures are likely to translate into lower capital cost and more efficient solar field equipment. Second, ORCs can be designed to use air-cooling for the power cycle. This, and the fact that the power cycle uses a hydrocarbon for a working fluid (instead of steam), means that the plant needs virtually no water to operate. Mirror washing accounts for about 1.5% of the water use at the SEGS. Therefore, the plants can be built in desert locations that have limited water availability. Third, ORC power cycles are simple and generally can be operated remotely, without licensed operators, allowing for increased use of self-diagnostics. This reduces O&M costs, which has been one of the key reasons for CSP technologies to increase in size. The MTPP technology supports integration of modular systems that use standardized designs and prefabrication. The modular nature of these systems simplifies site requirements, minimizes on-site erection, and provides the possibility of prepackaging collector and cycle hardware. In addition, materials can be shipped to the site in containers. Finally, it should be pointed out that ORC systems have a number of disadvantages as well. ORC systems generally have lower efficiencies than steam cycles that run at higher temperatures and pressures. However, the efficient steam cycles (approximately at 35% net) come at the price of more capital investment and the need for higher resource temperatures. The use of air-cooling means that ORC cycles are negatively impacted by high ambient temperatures. 2.2 Parabolic Trough Solar Technology Parabolic trough solar technology is the most-verified solar technology through deployment and construction testing. It is the lowest-cost high-temperature solar collector technology available today. This is primarily due to nine large commercial-scale parabolic trough solar power plants developed by Luz International Limited, which are operating in the California Mojave Desert. These plants, referred to as Solar Electric Generating Systems (SEGS), range in size from 14 MWe to 80 MWe and represent 354 MWE of installed electric generating capacity. By the end of the year 2001, these plants will have accumulated 127 years of operational experience. These plants have more than 2,000,000 m2 of parabolic trough collector technology that have been in daily operation for up to 18 years. The Luz parabolic trough collector technology has demonstrated its ability to operate in a commercial power-plant environment. Although no new plants have been built since 1990, continuing effort by the operators of the SEGS plants, the parabolic trough industry, and solar research laboratories around the world has led to significant advancements in collector and plant design. Parabolic trough collectors capable of generating temperatures higher than 260oC were initially developed for industrial process heat (IPH) applications, but were later adapted for use in power plant applications operating up to temperatures of about 400°C. Parabolic-trough power plants consist of large fields of parabolic trough collectors, a heat-transfer fluid/steam-generation system, a Rankine steam turbine/generator cycle, and optional thermal storage or fossil-fired backup systems. The collector field consists of a large field of single-axis tracking parabolic trough solar collectors. The solar field is modular in nature and is composed of many parallel rows of solar collectors, normally aligned on a north-south horizontal axis. Each solar collector has a linear parabolic-shaped reflector that focuses the sun’s direct beam radiation on a linear 3PDF Image | Modular Trough Power Plant Cycle and Systems Analysis
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