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To achieve the objectives of this work, NREL conducted in-house research using commercially available software from Aspen Technology, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts), while seeking the technical support of three U.S. private companies. These companies―Reflective Energies; Exergy, Inc.; and Barber-Nichols (see Appendices)―assisted in carrying out analysis of potential cycles to be used in conjunction with the CSP Trough system. The focus of this activity was to analyze potential binary cycles (with different working fluids or mixed working fluids) that may out-perform the existing cycle in terms of cost and efficiency. In this work, the performance of the power cycles with resource temperatures of 735°F and 580°F were considered. However, this report only presents the results for the 580°F resource. The main reason for not including the studies for the 735°F resource was that our task was not independently verified by any group of researchers other than NREL. An addendum to this report presenting the results for the 735°F resource will be available in the future, following an industry group verification. In the following sections each of the above activities will be described in detail. 3. ORC Power Cycle Analysis Organic Rankine power cycles are typically used for applications with low resource temperatures, such as waste heat recovery or geothermal applications. In these cases, the objective is to get the most specific power possible from a particular thermal resource, while preventing the resource from depleting. These are, in essence, once-through systems where you use the energy or lose it. However, in solar applications the goal is to develop the most efficient solar and power plant systems while trading off the capital and O&M cost of various components. Since ORC power cycle efficiency tends to be a stronger function of temperature than trough solar fields, the optimum-ORC system will likely have a high average solar resource temperature. The ORC analysis presented here utilizes a solar resource temperature of 580°F (304°C). This corresponds to the reasonable safe upper operating limit of Caloria. Using this as a boundary condition, an analysis of potential ORC configurations was conducted using commercially available thermal-process modeling software from Aspen Technology, Inc. Three ORC cycles were analyzed in this work: a simple Rankine cycle, a Rankine cycle with recuperation, and a simple Rankine cycle with reheat and recuperation. Pentane and a combination of mixed working fluids were used as the working fluid for these cycles because they provided the best match for the resource temperature, while allowing above-atmospheric pressure in the condenser. These cycles and their corresponding performance information are listed in Table 1. Some of the above cycles, plus some additional cycles, were also analyzed by Barber-Nichols; Reflective Energies; and Exergy, Inc. (see appendices). Cycles that have been analyzed by these organizations are presented in the appendices. In comparing the performance of the cycles presented in the main body of this report and those in the appendices, it is important to note that all the assumptions such as turbine efficiency, pump efficiency, heat exchanger pinch points, etc., are not necessarily the same. Therefore, when comparing the performance of these cycles, one needs to use his or her judgement in making proper adjustments to the results. The main assumptions used for all the following analysis are the resource and sink temperatures: 580°F for the resource (this corresponds to the reasonable safe upper operating limit of Caloria) and 80°F for the sink. More specific assumptions used for each analysis are listed in appropriate sections in which those cycles have been described. 5PDF Image | Modular Trough Power Plant Cycle and Systems Analysis
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