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wind or other renewable power technologies. This market has grown significantly over the last several years, but typically only a few percent of customers switch to green power. In addition, the California power crisis of 2000 and 2001 managed to destroy the green power market that, up to that point, had been developing in the state. Green power markets require a significant overhead to attract customer and cover the administration costs. Based on the small percentage of customers that switch, this market has not represented a significant opportunity for large-scale trough power. However, it could represent an opportunity for MTPPs. If a green power energy provider wanted a few hundred kilowatts to a few megawatts of solar power, the MTPP is likely the most economically competitive. Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS): Several states have introduced renewable portfolio standards. These require a specified fraction of an energy provider’s electric supply to be made up from renewable power sources. When there is no renewable technology specified, biomass waste, landfill gas, or wind generators are the most economic renewable generators. Solar power typically is not able to compete unless specific set-asides in the RPS are available for solar. Solar RPSs are developed in Nevada and Arizona. Whether or not MTPPs are able to compete in these or other RPSs will depend on how the RPSs are set up. However, the RPSs may offer an excellent opportunity for the RPSs in these two states. Although larger-scale trough projects could significantly lower cost for bulk power, they may offer better incremental capacity increases than larger trough plants. Also, because the plants can be customer sited, they may be able to get both the customer retail price and the RPS. Based on the market opportunities identified above, only the remote power market appears to be economically attractive for the baseline system: however, this is likely a difficult market to initially penetrate. For the MTPP systems to compete in other markets the cost of power must be reduced. The opportunities for reducing the cost of MTPP systems include the following: improving efficiency, reducing cost, and financial incentives that improve the economic attractiveness to the owner. 6.2 Improving Efficiency Efficiency can be improved in the solar field or the power cycle. The obvious opportunities for improving efficiency in the solar field are by using evacuated receivers in the collector field and by increasing the frequency of mirror wash. Efficiency can be increased in the power plant by using a more complex and efficient power cycle or by going to wet cooling. Although each of these opportunities will result in improved efficiency, they also come with the penalties of either increased capital cost, increased O&M costs, or both. The potential impact of each is evaluated below. Evacuated Trough Receivers: The baseline solar plant design in this study assumes that the trough collectors use a non-evacuated receiver design. The evacuated receiver design that is standard at the SEGS plants has significantly lower thermal losses than the non-evacuated receiver, but has a high failure rate and is more expensive. For comparison, we estimate the cost differential between an evacuated and a non-evacuated receiver tube to be $300 per receiver tube. Based on this assumption, using evacuated receiver tubes would add $281,000 to the cost of the project. This is about a 4% increase in total capital cost, or about an 8% increase in the solar field cost on a per square meter basis. Converting to an evacuated receiver significantly reduces thermal losses from the solar field by almost two-thirds. This results in an overall increase in the solar field thermal efficiency by about 15%. However, assuming that the evacuated receivers had a 3% annual failure rate, the solar field O&M cost would increase by 0.6¢/kWh to account for 42PDF Image | Modular Trough Power Plant Cycle and Systems Analysis
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