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The Kalina Cycle System 33 produces 17,746.8 kW of turbine expansion work. This is a first law efficiency of only 32.7%. To properly assess that number, let us consider what a Carnot Cycle would produce operating between a source temperature of 580°F and a sink of 78°F. Next, let’s correct the Carnot Cycle for the temperature changes in the source and sink, to obtain a more accurate number for a perfectly reversible cycle; we call that the Second Law Maximum. Finally, let’s express the first law efficiency as a percent of the second law maximum. Percent Efficiency Carnot Cycle Second Law Maximum First Law Efficiency Second Law Efficiency Cold 48.28 43.25 32.70 75.61 It is Exergy’s opinion that a Second Law Efficiency in the mid-seventies is extremely good. We have used the turbine expansion work as our measure of first law efficiency. The Carnot Cycle, after all, answers the question: What is the maximum mechanical work that can be extracted from thermal energy? We might consider that the gross electrical power at the generator terminals is, however, the appropriate first law efficiency for other purposes. It reflects additional losses, such as electric generator losses and turbine mechanical losses. The gross electrical (first law) efficiency is somewhat lower, of course, being 31.2% in this case. Hot Solar Pond Performance As before, we list the first law efficiency based on turbine expansion work; the efficiency of a Carnot Cycle operating between fixed temperatures (of source 735°F and of sink 78°F); the Second Law Maximum taking into account the temperature variations of the source and sink; and the ratio of First Law Efficiency to Second Law Maximum. Percent Efficiency Carnot Cycle Second Law Maximum First Law Efficiency Second Law Efficiency Hot 54.99 49.72 35.53 71.46 The (first law) gross electrical efficiency (i.e., shaft power less the turbine mechanical and electrical generator losses) is about 33.9%. A-5PDF Image | Modular Trough Power Plant Cycle and Systems Analysis
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