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Introduction This study investigated the feasibility of a STORES system as a potential pathway toward continuing the growth and commercialization of Solar Troughs. Trough technology was immensely successful in the 1980s, with over 350 megawatts of power plants built in the southern California desert. Even though the plants are all fully operational and performing better than when they were installed, no new plants have been built since then. This is a tragedy, because this group of solar plants produces more electricity than all PV and solar thermal plants combined. Efforts to build Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Systems (ISCCS) have not yet been successful; the solar fraction of such plants is necessarily small, and the overall logistics of developing such large power plants have resulted in long delays. Organic Rankine Cycles have also been commercially used for geothermal power plants with almost one hundred megawatts of commercial units running for the last ten years. Whereas Organic Rankine Cycles have been used with low temperature geothermal applications, there is only one known instance of a small solar Organic Rankine system tested. Nevertheless, the Organic Rankine Cycle is a strong candidate for low temperature energy conversion to electricity. Storage of solar energy was proven in the first large Trough plant, SEGS I, but other than the experimental Solar Two project that used molten salt and Solar One before it, storage of solar energy has not been considered. One reason for this is that the SEGS plants were connected to the robust Southern California Edison grid, and the SEGS contracts were “Standard Offers” that paid premium prices, especially for summer peaks. While almost all the SEGS plants can run on solar only, they are all hybrids, and use 25 percent natural gas. Despite several attempts, no new Trough-based power plants have been built in the last ten years. The strategy has been that the best path to commercialization and cost reduction is to integrate trough plants with modern combined cycle fossil fired plants to create the Integrated Solar Combined Cycle System (ISCCS). The fraction of solar power delivered by such plants was less than ten percent of the total power generated. This pathway has proven difficult, because the location, logistics and costs had to satisfy both the needs of a large solar plant and a large fossil fueled plant, each a major challenge in its own right. A second problem that proved difficult was that the power plant had to be designed for the solar peak, resulting in unused capacity during the evenings and at night. If the capacity is recovered by fossil fuel supplemental firing, then the fossil fuel consumption goes up to the point where it approaches the quantity of fossil fuel that would be used to deliver full capacity for a fossil-only plant without any solar. This study looked for a new pathway that would avoid the problems of the ISCCS. It was based on the following premises: • Only proven technologies would be considered • The Organic Rankine Cycle would be considered because of its success with the lower temperature geothermal fluids. The STORES power plant would be optimized to maximize output consistent with low-cost electricity • Storage would be an integral part of the power plant • The power plant would be built for remote, off-grid communities where the value and cost of alternative power production would be much higher than grid power supply • No fossil fuel would be used B-5PDF Image | Modular Trough Power Plant Cycle and Systems Analysis
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