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• To the extent possible, water use would be minimized because water is scarce in remote desert areas • Power would be delivered as needed, day or night • The power plant would be 10 MWe peak, with the solar field also capable of 10 MWe peak, thus simplifying the comparison with plants that have no storage. While it is known that storage allows the field and power plant to be sized to suit the demand of the consumer, that consideration was not used in the optimizations of this study • Labor rates were considered both for the U.S. market and for remote areas in the developing world • The sensitivity of market based and low-cost capital and subsidies was also considered. Technical Considerations The technical evaluation focused mostly on the development of an Organic Rankine Cycle and a storage system. The solar field selected was based upon proven LS2 Trough designs. A storage system similar to the Caloria thermal storage system from SEGS1 was selected, having proven successful for over 10 years. The impact of various HTF temperature differentials on power output was examined. These systems are described in the paragraphs to follow. The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) The ORC is not new. It was initially developed by Ben Holt Company (whose successor is Bibb & Co, a participant in this study) and others for low-temperature geothermal applications where the geothermal fluid temperature was too low for flashing into steam or for a traditional Rankine Steam Cycle. Almost one hundred megawatts of such ORC plants were installed and are currently in service, performing relatively trouble-free. There are several advantages of the ORC for low and moderate temperature applications: • A wide range of fluids may be chosen with characteristics that suit the temperature needs • The system can be maintained above atmospheric pressure at all times, eliminating the complicated vacuum system, and practically eliminating the need for make-up fluid • Power output can be increased during periods when the ambient temperature drops, unlike a steam cycle that is limited by condenser vacuum and does not increase output below about 90°F • Small turbines are commercially available for these systems for refrigeration and cryogenic needs, for energy recovery at pressure-reducing stations in natural gas pipelines and similar applications. The ORC also has several disadvantages that must be considered: • The fluids are hydrocarbons, far less stable than water • Cracking could result in carbon deposition • A single fluid will not cover the wide temperature range that steam/water systems can handle • Simple cycle efficiencies are low. B-6PDF Image | Modular Trough Power Plant Cycle and Systems Analysis
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