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Many strategies were considered to overcome the low efficiency of the ORC. These strategies were addressed in the Task 1 and Task 2 reports. The result of those efforts is presented here. • A carefully selected two-tier cascade cycle will produce efficiencies approaching the efficiency of a steam system at high ambient temperatures. A two-tier cascade cycle was chosen as a result of this study. • The efficiency of the lower cycle significantly improves as the ambient temperature drops. This efficiency gain for this lower cycle is about 2 percent for every 10°F drop in ambient temperature. This means that for the same input, output during cold winter months will be significantly higher than an equivalent steam cycle, partially compensating for the lower insolation and cosine losses during the winter months. • Storage during the hottest part of the day for power production during the cooler evenings and nights will result in an increase in efficiency and output. • The system efficiency for a cascade cycle increases when the HTF hot temperature (Thot) increases, and also increases when the HTF low temperature (Tcold) increases. This gain doesnotoccurforthesimplecycle.Forthetwo-tiercascadecyclewithThot at560°F,the efficiency gain was from an efficiency of 13.9% for a Thot- Tcold temperature difference of 400°F, to 19.1% for a Thot - Tcold temperature difference of 100°F, a gain of 37%. For the two-tier cascade cycle with no recuperation, there was no further increase in efficiency as the Thot - Tcold temperature difference was narrowed further. With recuperators and/or addition of a third tier, additional gains will be achieved. Obviously, the reduction in field temperature differences must be examined for the solar field as well. The impact upon the field of raising Tcold to achieve these efficiency gains is addressed in Section 2.2. • O&M costs for the ORC are significantly lower than for a steam plant. An ORC plant may be operated automatically or remotely, whereas a steam plant usually needs operator attention. • Water requirements for the ORC are virtually zero, a further O&M savings, particularly if water is scarce and expensive. • Further improvements in efficiency and costs are possible. • The simple ORC is shown in Figure 2.1a, and the Mixed ORC is shown as Figure 2.1b. Figure 2.1c is the first cascade cycle that was considered. The selected ORC is shown in Figure 2.1d. The major difference between the two cascade cycles is that for cycle shown in Figure 2.1c the HTF undergoes a higher temperature differential and heats both the upper and lower cycles, whereas for Figure 2.1d the HTF has a lower temperature differential and heats only the upper cycle; the condenser for the upper cycle is the evaporator for the lower cycle. B-7PDF Image | Modular Trough Power Plant Cycle and Systems Analysis
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