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(projected area), which means an aperture of 235 square meters, thus requiring a total of 268 SCAs for the entire field. Rather than examine ways to improve or modify each SCA, it was decided to investigate the relationships of receivers to the power production requirements. SEGS VI has sixteen SCAs in series, each adding almost 10°F for a total temperature increase of 155°F with a total of 26 such loops. SEGS VI operates between 559°F and 735°F. It has a total of 800 SCAs; with 16 loops per SCA, there are 50 loops in total. In order to achieve the efficiency gains that derive from a lower solar field temperature differential, it becomes necessary to change the series/parallel connections of the collectors. For a temperature difference of 100°F, ten SCA in series will comprise one loop. This change is feasible and practical. The pumping energy through each SCA is relatively constant, with a constant pressure drop of 10 psi per SCA and a total pumping energy of about 1.5 kWe per SCA plus header losses. Header losses can be controlled by changing header pipe size. The pumping energy is therefore essentially the same no matter what the field arrangement. In practical terms, the cost of pumps themselves will be lower as each SCA loop is reduced in size because the low- head high flow pumps are simpler and less expensive than high head pumps of the same energy output. Figure 2.2a shows, for illustration, a simplified comparison of two fields, each with 16 SCAs. They collect the same amount of solar energy, and use the same pumping power. However, the field representing a SEGS VI loop has a temperature differential of approximately 160°F whereas the other field has a temperature differential of only 40°F. The fluid flow through the second field is four times that in the first. Storage Storage is a vital part of the power plant in this study. Most solar and wind power plants operate only when the sun shines or when the wind blows. These plants are constrained to deliver power to the grid, or to be part of hybrids. Low-cost storage for PV and wind is not available; the only choice today is batteries that are expensive to buy and to maintain. SEGS I included two tanks that stored the HTF (Caloria) at atmospheric pressure. The tank operated successfully for over 10 years until an unfortunate fire in 1998. It proved that commercial storage was feasible. The hot tank was maintained at 580°F and the cold tank was maintained at 470°F, a temperature differential of 110°F. This study considered Thot storage temperature of 560°F and a Tcold temperature of 460°F to 510°F. One factor to be considered is that as the Thot - Tcold temperature differentials are reduced, the volume of stored fluid goes up. For example, a temperature differential of 50°F stores only half the energy as a temperature differential of 100°F, and therefore requires twice the storage of a temperature differential of 100°F. On the other hand, when smaller temperature differentials are considered, a thermocline tank without internal barriers may be adequate, reducing storage by fifty percent, whereas higher temperature differentials may suggest two separate tanks. Assuming a 50°F temperature differential and four hours of storage (545 million Btu), the total storage capacity required is about 2.2 million gallons for a thermocline tank, and twice that if two tanks are to be used. Storage tanks for HTF are available commercially, as from CB&I. B-13PDF Image | Modular Trough Power Plant Cycle and Systems Analysis
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