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been dormant; such costs are estimated to be roughly about $5,000,000 or a once-only charge of about $500 per kWe. Should the ultimate power plant selected have a lower efficiency than 25%, the size of the solar field would increase proportionately to the reduced efficiency, and with it the costs on a linear basis. In discussions with NREL, it is a continuing concern that the resurrection of the SCA supply production line will be difficult. It is in this arena that significant support will be needed from NREL as the project moves forward. It may be necessary to consider an alternate SCA supplier should it become impossible to resurrect the LS2 supply system. SCA supply was not a part of this study, and these comments are intended to be cautionary rather than authoritative. Duke Solar has expressed an interest in supplying SCAs, as have IST and Solel. It is hoped that the prospect of real opportunities will help stimulate the supply. Power Plant The estimated constructed cost of the ORC two–tier Cascade Cycle power plant is $1,940 per kWe, compared to a Simple Cycle of $1,650 per kWe. The respective equipment costs for the cascade cycle are $800 per kWe. Of these, the largest costs are the turbine-generators (58%) and the condenser air coolers (22%). For the Simple cycle, the equipment cost is $686 per kWe, with the turbine generator cost 56% and the condenser air coolers at 28%. The higher efficiency of the cascade cycle means a higher turbine-generator cost, but more energy will be converted into electricity, resulting in less heat rejection, meaning a lower cost for air coolers. Thus the increased cost of higher efficiency is somewhat offset by the lower cost of heat rejection. Figure 3.1.2a is an equipment list showing the costs of the various equipment components. The estimates are considered conceptual, with a margin of error of 25%. Further efficiency improvements such as recuperators, an improved cooling system, and perhaps a third tier will increase certain costs and decrease others because as more energy is converted into electricity, there will be less energy and lower costs for heat exchangers for the lower tiers. For this study, the cost of the Power Plant is assumed to be $2,000 per kWe. The cost of subsequent power plants will also decline as more power plants are built. The decline will not be as steep as for the solar side, because the supply side is already active. However, orders for multiple units will result in a lower per-unit cost for each subsequent unit. A cost-decline rate of 2% per plant for the first few plants is assumed. There is some risk that at the higher temperatures the long-term stability of the upper-tier cycle fluids may be in question. This issue is considered manageable, by selecting an appropriate fluid for the upper cycle. The temperature ranges certainly do not push the envelope of available fluids. Storage The HTF to be used is Caloria. The reason for selecting Caloria is that it is inexpensive, has a very low vapor pressure at 560°F, and can be stored in an ordinary, unpressurized tank. There are obviously significant efficiency penalties to be suffered by using Caloria, but the benefits are considered to outweigh the penalties. This study did not consider molten salts, phase change fluids or other means for storage; it simply looked for a feasible, proven low-cost option. Four hours of storage of peak power mean storing a total of 546 million Btu of energy. This requires about 2.2 million gallons of fluid. SunRay Industries has found that the price of HTF roughly B-18PDF Image | Modular Trough Power Plant Cycle and Systems Analysis
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