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Operating and Maintenance Costs (O&M) As with capital costs, the O&M costs are broken out separately for the Field and for the Power Plant. The O&M costs of storage are rolled into Field O&M costs. Labor costs are separated from non-labor costs because the huge difference in labor costs in the U.S. and in developing countries have a significant impact on the economics and the cost of power. Field O&M Costs The Solar Field KJC estimates, based on its experience, that the field and power plant together will require a total of 33 people to operate. This includes the common managerial and administrative functions necessary. Of these, the field may be allocated a total of 17 people including all those assigned to general management and administration. The steam power plant would require a staff of 16 people to operate. Figure 3.2.1a shows the total number of operators and the breakdown for the power plant and the solar field. As is seen below, an ORC power plant would require far fewer operators. The ORC Power Plant Bibb & Co., based on its experience, estimates that the ORC power plant will require a staff of 7 people, including 4 operators (one per shift for two shifts a day plus coverage for time off and special assignments), one electrician, one mechanic, and one manager. During the night shift, the plant would be unmanned. This is significantly lower than the staffing estimated by KJC for the steam power plant. Figure 3.2.1a shows the staffing requirements for the power plant and solar field. Much of the difference can be attributed to the increased complexity of a steam plant, especially during startup and shutdown. It is recommended that a closer look be taken at staffing requirements before the ORC is constructed. The major cost in operating the field are labor, the cost of pumping, and damage replacement. The cost of demineralized water for mirror cleaning is not very large. In the U.S., far and away the largest cost is labor. Field O&M cost estimates were obtained from KJC Operating Company. The total annual non-labor maintenance costs for the plant are estimated to be $500,000 of which water costs are $6,000. Whereas water costs are not a major part of the costs at Kramer Junction, they may be a much bigger factor in other desert locations where water is scarce. Economic Considerations The basic economic consideration is whether the electricity that is generated by the STORES system will be cost-effective relative to the alternate systems that may be available. The initial considerations did not include any benefits or subsidies for renewable energy. Once the basic evaluations are performed, the sensitivity of the costs to supports was considered as the sole environmental adder. No value was ascribed to externalities, global warming, carbon tax credits, or other such credits. The other major Trough concept being considered today is the ISCCS power plant. The economic considerations for STORES and for ISCCS are very different. ISCSC plants must find sites that are first optimized for a combined cycle power plant, including a robust power grid, a B-21PDF Image | Modular Trough Power Plant Cycle and Systems Analysis
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