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306 New Developments in Renewable Energy should be economically and technically accessible, (3) the sources should have a wide geo‐ graphic distribution, and (4) the sources should be environmentally friendly and thus should be low GHG emitters in order to make significant contribution to global warming mitigation. Low-temperature (low-enthalpy) geothermal energy resources meet all the above criteria. It was reported in (Chandrasekharam& Bundschuh, 2008; Cui et al., 2009) that this huge low-temperature geothermal energy resource has already been used for pow‐ er generation by typical countries, such as USA, Philippines, Mexico, Indonesia, Iceland, Germany, and Austria. The installations of several commercial low-temperature geothermal power systems in these countries have substantially proved the ability of low-temperature geothermal fluids to generate green electricity (Chandrasekharam& Bundschuh, 2008). In most developing countries, low-temperature geothermal resources have not received much attention for electricity generation. The main reason for not utilizing these resources by most developing countries (and several industrialized countries) for commercial exploi‐ tation is that they are not considered as economically feasible for generating electricity (Chandrasekharam& Bundschuh, 2008). In contrast, in some industrialized countries, espe‐ cially USA and in Europe, increasing energy demand and environmental awareness related to climate change have urged these countries to develop technologies which utilize low-tem‐ perature geothermal resources economically for power generation (Chandrasekharam& Bundschuh, 2008; Dickson & Fanelli, 2005). It was reported (Chandrasekharam& Bund‐ schuh, 2008; Galanis et al., 2009) that developing countries, in general, need to benefit from these new and continually improving technologies for using low-temperature geothermal resources for generating electricity. It should be noted that for many developing countries, the use of low-temperature geothermal resources is not new. Many of developing countries have been using these resources for the past centuries for direct heating (but not power gen‐ eration) applications (Chandrasekharam& Bundschuh, 2008). Recent increases in the cost and uncertainty of future conventional energy supplies for power generation are improving the attractiveness of low-temperature geothermal resources. Continuous development of in‐ novative drilling and power generation technologies makes this nonconventional, renewa‐ ble and clean energy source the best future viable, alternate and available source to meet the required future electricity demand worldwide, significantly reducing GHG emissions and mitigating global climate change (Chandrasekharam& Bundschuh, 2008). As mentioned earlier, generating electricity from low-temperature geothermal resources (water-dominated resources) can be effectively achieved using a binary ORC technology. Low-temperature geothermal ORC technology has virtually no GHG emissions to the at‐ mosphere (DiPippo, 2008; Hettiarachchi et al., 2007) and is an attractive energy-conversion technology due to its simplicity and its limited number of components, all of them being very common and commercially available. Nowadays, the ORC can be considered asthe on‐ ly proved technology that is commonly used in ranges of afew kW up to 1 MW (Schuster et al., 2009). Despite the fact that ORC technology is currently associated with low conversion efficiencies,new applications of this technology are commonly examined and implemented‐ due to its possibility to utilize the low-grade heat from sources, such as low-temperature ge‐ othermal resources, for power generation (Ismail, 2011a). A number of successful &PDF Image | ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2- Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 Sequestration
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