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ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2-Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 307 Sequestration http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52063 innovative ORC binary power plants were installed in different locations (e.g. remote and rural sites) worldwide which demonstrate the ability of this promising alternative technolo‐ gy to utilize renewable low-temperature geothermal energy sources for generating electrici‐ ty. For example, two plants were installed in Nevada, USA in 1984 and 1987 with electric power generation capacity of 750 and 800 kWe, respectively (Chandrasekharam& Bund‐ schuh, 2008). The production wells supply geo-fluid (water) temperature at 104 oC with a flow rate of 60 l/s to these plants. The ORC binary fluid used was initially R-114 but due to non-availability of this working fluid the plant switched to iso-pentane in 1998. In another location near Empire, Nevada, approximately four 1 MWe units were installed and commis‐ sioned in 1987. Two geothermal production wells with geo-fluids temperature of 137 oC were used (Chandrasekharam& Bundschuh, 2008). In 1998, a third well with geo-fluid tem‐ perature of 152 oC was drilled to maintain the capacity of the plant at approximately 4 MWe. The modular approach was used so that high plant availability factors of 98% and more were achievable (Hammons, 2004). In 1987, another plant was installed and commissioned in Taiwan with an electric power generation of 300 kWe. The plant draws geo-fluids from a 500 m deep well at a temperature of 130 oC. It was reported that the power generated from this facility was sold to the national power grid at 0.04 US$/kWh (Chandrasekharam& Bundschuh, 2008). In 1986, a low-temperature geothermal ORC unit (Mulka plant) with a power capacity of 15 kWe was commissioned in Australia. The unit was coupled to a geo‐ thermal production well which was drilled down toa depth of 1,300 m, and supplying geo- fluid at 86 oC. The unit was operated non-stop for about three and a half years, showing frequency stability and response to load changes (Rosca et al., 2010). In 1992, a binary ORC power generation unit which utilized a low-temperature geothermal water resource with a temperature ranging from 90 to 115 oC was tested at a location near arderello, Italy. The geothermal power plant generated between 800 and 1,300 kWe of elec‐ tricity (Rosca et al., 2010). In Germany, the first low-temperature geothermal power plant using ORC technology was installed at Neustadt-Glewe, with a power capacity of approxi‐ mately 230 kWe using a geo-fluid temperature of 98 oC (RuggeroBertani, 2007). Another plant was commissioned in Thailand in 1989, with an installed capacity of 300 kWe. The ac‐ tual production was reported to vary from 150 to 250 kWe and the geo-fluid temperature is 116 oC with a flow rate of approximately 8 l/s (Chandrasekharam & Bundschuh, 2008). In Japan, binary ORC technology was experimentally operated for 5 years starting in 1993 by NEDO (Yamada & Oyama, 2004). More recently, in 2006, the first binary ORC plant which utilizes a low-temperature geothermal resource at a temperature of 74oC reported by (Rug‐ geroBertani, 2007) to be the lowest low-temperature geothermal energy resource world‐ wide) was installed at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska, with a power generation capacity of 200 kWe. A photograph of Chena ORC-based geothermal power plant is shown in Figure 1. A second ORC unit was added, reaching the total installed capacity of 400 kWe net. The total project cost of this binary geothermal plant was $2.2 million with a simple payback period of 4 years (Holdmann, 2007). In Altheim, Austria, a geo-fluid of temperature 106 oC is utilized both for district heating and electric power generation using a binary plant technology. The net electric output of this plant is 500 kWe, selling to the electric grid 1.1 GWh in 2006 (Rug‐ geroBertani, 2007).PDF Image | ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2- Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 Sequestration
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