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310 New Developments in Renewable Energy • The ORC organic fluid should be environmentally friendly; less in ozone depletion poten‐ tial (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP). • It should result in high thermal efficiency by allowing maximum utilization of the availa‐ ble low-temperature geothermal heat source. • It should be safe (non-flammable and no-toxic) and non-corrosive. • It should have a low-boiling temperature and should evaporate at atmospheric pressure. • It should lead to optimum design and cost effectiveness of the ORC system. • It should not react or disassociate at the pressures and temperatures at which it is used. • It should have suitable thermal stability and high thermal conductivity. • It should have appropriate low critical temperature and pressure. • It should have small specific volume, low viscosity and surface tension. • It should result in low maintenance. It should be noted that many binary ORC fluids may not meet all these criteria (Chandrase‐ kharam& Bundschuh, 2008) but the selection of the organic fluid should be optimized, in terms of the above requirements, while meeting the demanded power generation. In gener‐ al, binary ORC systems exhibit great flexibility, high safety (installations are perfectly tight), and low maintenance (Wei et al., 2007). It was reported that the selection of suitable organic fluids for application in binary ORC systems for generating electricity still deserves exten‐ sive thermodynamic and technical studies (Maizza, V., & Maizza, A., 2001). The quality of heat energy which can be supplied by any heat source depends on its temper‐ ature level. For ORC-based geothermal power system, this is the temperature of the pro‐ duced geo-fluid from the geothermal production well. The theoretical overall performance of low-temperature geothermal binary systems can be evaluated using the thermal efficien‐ cy of a heat engine, given by (Cengel& Boles, 2008) η =W ̇out (1) th Q ̇geo In Eq. (1), W ̇ out is the net power output produced by the geothermal power system (in kWe); and Q ̇ geo is the thermal heat supplied by the geo-fluid from the available geothermal re‐ source (in kWt). A correlation is proposed (Dickson & Fanelli, 2005) to calculate the actual net power output (used for a quick estimate with rough accuracy) as a function of the availa‐ ble thermal power from the geo-fluid flowand inlet temperature of the geo-fluid, given by W ̇ out =0.0036 Q ̇ geo(0.18 Tgeo,in - 10) (2) Substituting Eq. (2) in Eq. (1), the estimated thermal efficiency of the low-temperature based geothermal power generation system, as a function of geo-fluid inlet temperature (in oC) available at the production well, is given byPDF Image | ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2- Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 Sequestration
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